The present invention relates to novel halogen-substituted compounds, to processes for their preparation and to their use for controlling animal pests, in particular arthropods and especially insects and arachnids.

The present invention relates to novel halogen-substituted compounds, to processes for their preparation and to their use for controlling animal pests, in particular arthropods and especially insects and arachnids.

Provided is a synthesis method comprising a first step of producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol-based compound at an anode of a first electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and the anode, and a second step of synthesizing a first product by a dealcoholization reaction of the carbonate compound, wherein an alcohol-based compound eliminated in the second step is recycled in the first step.

Provided is a synthesis method comprising a first step of producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol-based compound at an anode of a first electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and the anode, and a second step of synthesizing a first product by a dealcoholization reaction of the carbonate compound, wherein an alcohol-based compound eliminated in the second step is recycled in the first step.

Provided is a synthesis method comprising a first step of producing a carbonate compound from carbon monoxide and an alcohol-based compound at an anode of a first electrochemical cell comprising a cathode and the anode, and a second step of synthesizing a first product by a dealcoholization reaction of the carbonate compound, wherein an alcohol-based compound eliminated in the second step is recycled in the first step.

Provided is a dialkyl carbonate production method that enables a dialkyl carbonate to be produced in a simple manner and in a short reaction time and enables easy processing of by-products. This dialkyl carbonate production method involves generation reaction of a carbonate ester through reaction between carbon dioxide and an alcohol represented by formula (1), wherein the generation reaction of a carbonate ester is performed in the presence of a carbodiimide compound represented by formula (2) (R.sub.1-R.sub.3 in the formula are as described in the description of the present application).

[Chemical formula 1]

R.sub.1—OH  (1)

[Chemical formula 2]

R.sub.2—N═C═N—R.sub.3  (2)

Provided is a dialkyl carbonate production method that enables a dialkyl carbonate to be produced in a simple manner and in a short reaction time and enables easy processing of by-products. This dialkyl carbonate production method involves generation reaction of a carbonate ester through reaction between carbon dioxide and an alcohol represented by formula (1), wherein the generation reaction of a carbonate ester is performed in the presence of a carbodiimide compound represented by formula (2) (R.sub.1-R.sub.3 in the formula are as described in the description of the present application).

[Chemical formula 1]

R.sub.1—OH  (1)

[Chemical formula 2]

R.sub.2—N═C═N—R.sub.3  (2)

The present invention provides new classes of phenol compounds, including those derived from tyrosol and analogues, useful as monomers for preparation of biocompatible polymers, and biocompatible polymers prepared from these monomeric phenol compounds, including novel biodegradable and/or bioresorbable polymers. These biocompatible polymers or polymer compositions with enhanced bioresorbabilty and processability are useful in a variety of medical applications, such as in medical devices and controlled-release therapeutic formulations. The invention also provides methods for preparing these monomeric phenol compounds and biocompatible polymers.

The present invention provides new classes of phenol compounds, including those derived from tyrosol and analogues, useful as monomers for preparation of biocompatible polymers, and biocompatible polymers prepared from these monomeric phenol compounds, including novel biodegradable and/or bioresorbable polymers. These biocompatible polymers or polymer compositions with enhanced bioresorbabilty and processability are useful in a variety of medical applications, such as in medical devices and controlled-release therapeutic formulations. The invention also provides methods for preparing these monomeric phenol compounds and biocompatible polymers.

The present invention provides lymphatic system-directing lipid prodrugs, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, methods of producing such prodrugs and compositions, as well as methods of improving the bioavailability or other properties of a therapeutic agent that comprises part of the lipid prodrug. The present invention also provides methods of treating a disease, disorder, or condition such as those disclosed herein, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided lipid prodrug or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.