The present invention discloses a Y-type discrete polyethylene glycol derivative, which has the advantages of determined molecular weights and the number of chain segments, and can avoid the defect of heterogeneity of a PEG derivative. In addition, the Y-type discrete polyethylene glycol derivative of the present invention may increase the water solubility of the discrete polyethylene glycol, and solve the problem of insufficient water solubility of the discrete polyethylene glycol-modified insoluble drug caused by an increase of the loading capacity.

This invention relates to an anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant as substantially represented by the formula (I), production and use thereof in tertiary oil recovery. The anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant of this invention exhibits significantly improved interfacial activity and stability as compared with the prior art. With the present anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant, a flooding fluid composition for tertiary oil recovery with improved oil displacement efficiency and oil washing capability as compared with the prior art could be produced.

##STR00001##

In the formula (I), each group is as defined in the specification.

This invention relates to an anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant as substantially represented by the formula (I), production and use thereof in tertiary oil recovery. The anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant of this invention exhibits significantly improved interfacial activity and stability as compared with the prior art. With the present anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant, a flooding fluid composition for tertiary oil recovery with improved oil displacement efficiency and oil washing capability as compared with the prior art could be produced.

##STR00001##

In the formula (I), each group is as defined in the specification.

The invention relates to a method for producing a (meth)acrylic ester with improved productivity, by transesterfication of a light alkyl (meth)acrylate with a heavy alcohol. The method of the invention includes the recycling of noble products recovered after the thermal treatment of heavy fractions generated during the synthesis, said thermal treatment being carried out in the presence of a dialkyl phthalate, the alkyl chain of which corresponds to that of the light alkyl (meth)acrylate. The invention applies to the production of N,N-dimethyaminoethyl acrylate from ethyl acrylate.

The invention relates to a method for producing a (meth)acrylic ester with improved productivity, by transesterfication of a light alkyl (meth)acrylate with a heavy alcohol. The method of the invention includes the recycling of noble products recovered after the thermal treatment of heavy fractions generated during the synthesis, said thermal treatment being carried out in the presence of a dialkyl phthalate, the alkyl chain of which corresponds to that of the light alkyl (meth)acrylate. The invention applies to the production of N,N-dimethyaminoethyl acrylate from ethyl acrylate.

The invention relates to a method for producing a (meth)acrylic ester with improved productivity, by transesterfication of a light alkyl (meth)acrylate with a heavy alcohol. The method of the invention includes the recycling of noble products recovered after the thermal treatment of heavy fractions generated during the synthesis, said thermal treatment being carried out in the presence of a dialkyl phthalate, the alkyl chain of which corresponds to that of the light alkyl (meth)acrylate. The invention applies to the production of N,N-dimethyaminoethyl acrylate from ethyl acrylate.

The present invention relates to a compound having the following formula (I) as well as a method for preparing such a compound, a cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition containing such a compound, and the use thereof as a depigmenting, lightening, bleaching or whitening agent and for treating pigmentation disorders, notably by topical application on the skin.

##STR00001##

This invention relates to an anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant as substantially represented by the formula (I), production and use thereof in tertiary oil recovery. The anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant of this invention exhibits significantly improved interfacial activity and stability as compared with the prior art. With the present anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant, a flooding fluid composition for tertiary oil recovery with improved oil displacement efficiency and oil washing capability as compared with the prior art could be produced. ##STR00001## In the formula (I), each group is as defined in the specification.

This invention relates to an anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant as substantially represented by the formula (I), production and use thereof in tertiary oil recovery. The anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant of this invention exhibits significantly improved interfacial activity and stability as compared with the prior art. With the present anionic-cationic-nonionic surfactant, a flooding fluid composition for tertiary oil recovery with improved oil displacement efficiency and oil washing capability as compared with the prior art could be produced. ##STR00001## In the formula (I), each group is as defined in the specification.

The invention generally provides systems and methods for producing a chemical product. In certain embodiments, the invention provides systems that include a chemical product production unit. The chemical production unit includes a plurality of microfluidic modules configured to be fluidically coupled to each other in an arrangement that produces a chemical product from an input of a plurality of starting reagents that react with each other due to conditions within the plurality of microfluidic modules through which the starting reagents flow. The system also includes a droplet dispenser fluidically coupled to the chemical product production unit that forms and dispenses droplets of the chemical product.