The present invention relates to a drying apparatus for evaporating volatile constituents from a starting material to be dried, to a process for producing an isocyanate using this drying apparatus and to the use of the drying apparatus for drying distillation bottoms streams, oil-containing waste, waste paint or coating materials, sewage sludges, mineral substances and coal slurries contaminated with organic compounds. In the drying apparatus the evaporated constituents (vapours) are passed into a condenser via a vapor dome and a vapor conduit. The drying apparatus has the feature that partial condensation of the vapours in the vapor dome and/or in the vapor conduit is intentionally allowed or induced during operation, and condensed constituents of the vapours are discharged from the drying apparatus via means installed for this purpose in the vapor dome and/or the vapour conduit.

The method for producing pentamethylene diisocyanate includes a reaction step, in which carbonyl chloride is allowed to react with pentamethylenediamine to produce a reaction mixture containing pentamethylene diisocyanate and a tar component containing a chlorine-containing component; a heating step, in which the reaction mixture is heated; and a purification step, in which the reaction mixture after the heating step is purified to separate the pentamethylene diisocyanate from the tar component, wherein in the heating step, the reaction mixture is heated without removing the tar component from the reaction mixture.

The method for producing pentamethylene diisocyanate includes a reaction step, in which carbonyl chloride is allowed to react with pentamethylenediamine to produce a reaction mixture containing pentamethylene diisocyanate and a tar component containing a chlorine-containing component; a heating step, in which the reaction mixture is heated; and a purification step, in which the reaction mixture after the heating step is purified to separate the pentamethylene diisocyanate from the tar component, wherein in the heating step, the reaction mixture is heated without removing the tar component from the reaction mixture.

The method for producing pentamethylene diisocyanate includes a reaction step, in which carbonyl chloride is allowed to react with pentamethylenediamine to produce a reaction mixture containing pentamethylene diisocyanate and a tar component containing a chlorine-containing component; a heating step, in which the reaction mixture is heated; and a purification step, in which the reaction mixture after the heating step is purified to separate the pentamethylene diisocyanate from the tar component, wherein in the heating step, the reaction mixture is heated without removing the tar component from the reaction mixture.

Biobased diisocyanates are derived from 3-petadecyl phenol, which is derived from Cardanol harvested from cashew nutshell liquid food waste. The biobased diisocyanates are of the formulas: ##STR00001##
wherein R is an alkyl chain C.sub.15H.sub.31 (n-pentadecyl); R.sub.1=CH.sub.3 or COCH.sub.3; and R.sub.2 is an alkylene of from about 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

Biobased diisocyanates are derived from 3-petadecyl phenol, which is derived from Cardanol harvested from cashew nutshell liquid food waste. The biobased diisocyanates are of the formulas: ##STR00001##
wherein R is an alkyl chain C.sub.15H.sub.31 (n-pentadecyl); R.sub.1=CH.sub.3 or COCH.sub.3; and R.sub.2 is an alkylene of from about 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

Biobased diisocyanates are derived from 3-petadecyl phenol, which is derived from Cardanol harvested from cashew nutshell liquid food waste. The biobased diisocyanates are of the formulas: ##STR00001##
wherein R is an alkyl chain C.sub.15H.sub.31 (n-pentadecyl); R.sub.1=CH.sub.3 or COCH.sub.3; and R.sub.2 is an alkylene of from about 1 to 18 carbon atoms.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a suspension of a hydrochloride of an organic amine, comprising the following steps of (i) initially charging at least one organic solvent in a reaction vessel to form a liquid level, (ii) adding hydrogen chloride, (iii) adding the organic amine, wherein the organic amine is added below the liquid level present in the reaction vessel and steps (ii) and (iii) are at least partly carried out simultaneously. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a method wherein the suspension obtained after step (iii) is reacted in a step (iv) with phosgene to obtain the organic isocyanate corresponding to the organic amine used, to the corresponding organic isocyanate and to the use of the organic isocyanate for producing polyisocyanates.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a suspension of a hydrochloride of an organic amine, comprising the following steps of (i) initially charging at least one organic solvent in a reaction vessel to form a liquid level, (ii) adding hydrogen chloride, (iii) adding the organic amine, wherein the organic amine is added below the liquid level present in the reaction vessel and steps (ii) and (iii) are at least partly carried out simultaneously. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a method wherein the suspension obtained after step (iii) is reacted in a step (iv) with phosgene to obtain the organic isocyanate corresponding to the organic amine used, to the corresponding organic isocyanate and to the use of the organic isocyanate for producing polyisocyanates.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a suspension of a hydrochloride of an organic amine, comprising the following steps of (i) initially charging at least one organic solvent in a reaction vessel to form a liquid level, (ii) adding hydrogen chloride, (iii) adding the organic amine, wherein the organic amine is added below the liquid level present in the reaction vessel and steps (ii) and (iii) are at least partly carried out simultaneously. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a method wherein the suspension obtained after step (iii) is reacted in a step (iv) with phosgene to obtain the organic isocyanate corresponding to the organic amine used, to the corresponding organic isocyanate and to the use of the organic isocyanate for producing polyisocyanates.