An ether-bridged dication is provided with two monovalent cations bonded via a carbon chain having ether group(s). The ether-bridged dication, monovalent cations, and anions are contained together within an ionic liquid electrolyte which is applied to a charge storage device. The ether-bridged dication, the ionic liquid electrolyte, and the charge storage device have operational abilities at room temperatures or below, and a reachable working potential of 3.5 V.

A first object of the present invention is to provide an actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition with which a pattern having a good shape can be obtained. Furthermore, a second object of the present invention is to provide a resist film, a pattern forming method, and a method for manufacturing an electronic device, each relating to the actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition. In addition, a third object of the present invention is to provide a compound which can be suitably used in the actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition.

The actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition of an embodiment of the present invention includes a compound that generates an acid upon irradiation with actinic rays or radiation, an acid-decomposable resin having a weight-average molecular weight of 30,000 or less, and a solvent, and the compound that generates an acid upon irradiation with actinic rays or radiation includes a compound (I).

The present specification relates to a compound comprising an aromatic ring, a polyelectrolyte membrane comprising the same, a membrane-electrode assembly comprising the polyelectrolyte membrane, a fuel cell comprising the membrane-electrode assembly, and a redox flow battery comprising the polyelectrolyte membrane.

The present specification relates to a compound comprising an aromatic ring, a polyelectrolyte membrane comprising the same, a membrane-electrode assembly comprising the polyelectrolyte membrane, a fuel cell comprising the membrane-electrode assembly, and a redox flow battery comprising the polyelectrolyte membrane.

An ionic diol has formula wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently represent alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R.sup.4 represents an alkylene group having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms; and R.sup.5 represents an alkylene group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Antistatic polymers are formed by copolymerization of monomers including a diisocyanate, an ionic diol, a polyether diol, and at least one non-ionic diols. Methods of making the antistatic polyurethanes are also disclosed.

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The present invention discloses compounds for inhibition of uncontrolled cell proliferation particularly in cancer stem cells. Particularly, the invention relates to compounds of Formula III to XIV for the treatment of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer.

An organic compound represented by General Formula (1),

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in which, in General Formula (1), R.sub.1 represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are each independently selected from an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group which may have a substituent, or an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, and A.sub.1.sup.− and A.sub.2.sup.− each independently represent a monovalent anion.

An organic compound represented by General Formula (1),

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in which, in General Formula (1), R.sub.1 represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are each independently selected from an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aryl group which may have a substituent, or an aralkyl group which may have a substituent, and A.sub.1.sup.− and A.sub.2.sup.− each independently represent a monovalent anion.

A monomer having an onium salt structure represented by formula (1) gives a polymer which is fully compatible with resist components. A resist composition comprising the polymer has advantages including reduced acid diffusion, high sensitivity, high resolution, a good balance of lithography properties, and less defects, and is quite effective for precise micropatterning.

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A lubricant, which includes an ionic liquid including a conjugate base and a conjugate acid, wherein the conjugate acid is represented by General Formula (A) below, and wherein a pKa of an acid that is a source of the conjugate base in acetonitrile is 10 or less,

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where, in General Formula (A), R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are each independently a group including a hydrocarbon group, with the proviso that at least one of the hydrocarbon groups in R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 is a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or greater carbon atoms.