Described herein are compounds that activate pyruvate kinase R, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use thereof. These compounds are represented by Formula (I): wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, L.sup.1, and L.sup.2 are as defined herein. ##STR00001##

This invention is in the field of medicinal pharmacology. In particular, the invention relates to a new class of small-molecules having a pyrazino-pyrimidine-dione (or related) structure which function as modulators (activators, inhibitors) of protease activated receptor type 2 (PAR2), and their use as therapeutics for the treatment of conditions involving PAR2 activity (e.g., asthma, chronic pain, cancer and/or vascular disorders).

Provided are: a dicyano N-heterocyclic compound represented by formula (I) (in the formula, R.sup.3 represents an electron-donating group, and n represents the number of repetitions of the content in brackets and is 0 or 1), the compound having exceptional heat resistance and light emission characteristics; a light-emitting material; and a light-emitting element in which the same is used.

##STR00001##

Provided are: a dicyano N-heterocyclic compound represented by formula (I) (in the formula, R.sup.3 represents an electron-donating group, and n represents the number of repetitions of the content in brackets and is 0 or 1), the compound having exceptional heat resistance and light emission characteristics; a light-emitting material; and a light-emitting element in which the same is used.

##STR00001##

An organic electroluminescence device including: an anode; a cathode; two or more emitting units that are disposed between the anode and the cathode, each unit having an emitting layer; and a charge-generating layer that is disposed between the emitting units, wherein the charge-generating layer comprises an N layer nearer to the anode and a P layer nearer to the cathode, and the P layer comprises a compound represented by the following formula (I). ##STR00001##

An organic electroluminescence device including: an anode; a cathode; two or more emitting units that are disposed between the anode and the cathode, each unit having an emitting layer; and a charge-generating layer that is disposed between the emitting units, wherein the charge-generating layer comprises an N layer nearer to the anode and a P layer nearer to the cathode, and the P layer comprises a compound represented by the following formula (I). ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to compounds which are inhibitors of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions in therapy, in particular in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterized by non-apoptotic regulated cell-death or where non-apoptotic regulated cell-death is likely to play or plays a substantial role. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein are also useful in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterized by oxidative stress or where oxidative stress is likely to play or plays a substantial role; and/or a condition, disorder or disease that is characterized by activation of (1) one or more components of the necrosome; (2) death domain receptors; and/or (3) Toll-like receptors; and/or (4) players in ferroptotic/ferroptosis signalling, or where activation of any one of (1) to (3) and/or (4) is likely to play or plays a substantial role.

The present invention relates to compounds which are inhibitors of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of such compounds and pharmaceutical compositions in therapy, in particular in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterized by non-apoptotic regulated cell-death or where non-apoptotic regulated cell-death is likely to play or plays a substantial role. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions described herein are also useful in the treatment of a condition, disorder or disease that is characterized by oxidative stress or where oxidative stress is likely to play or plays a substantial role; and/or a condition, disorder or disease that is characterized by activation of (1) one or more components of the necrosome; (2) death domain receptors; and/or (3) Toll-like receptors; and/or (4) players in ferroptotic/ferroptosis signalling, or where activation of any one of (1) to (3) and/or (4) is likely to play or plays a substantial role.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member (1) includes a conductive substrate (2) and a photosensitive layer (3). The photosensitive layer (3) is a single-layer photosensitive layer containing at least a charge generating material, an electron transport material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin. The electron transport material includes a naphthoquinone derivative represented by general formula (1). An amount of triboelectric charge of calcium carbonate as measured by charging the calcium carbonate through friction with the photosensitive layer (3) is at least +7 C/g. In general formula (1), R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 are respectively the same as R.sup.11 and R.sup.12 described in the description.

##STR00001##

Compounds of Formula I are disclosed

##STR00001##

As well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Methods of using said compounds and pharmaceutical compositions containing said compounds are also disclosed.