Embodiments of the present disclosure describe metal-organic framework compositions comprising a pillar characterized by the formula (M.sub.bF.sub.5(O/H.sub.2O)), where M.sub.b is selected from periodic groups IIIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, and VIII; and a square grid characterized by the formula (M.sub.a(ligand).sub.x), where M.sub.a is selected from periodic groups IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IVA, IVB, VIB, VIIB, and VIII, ligand is a polyfunctional organic ligand, and x is 1 or more; wherein the pillaring of the square grid with the pillars forms the metal-organic framework.

A novel zeolitic imidazolate framework material comprises a partially saturated benzimidazole or a partially saturated substituted benzimidazole as a linking ligand, optionally together with unsaturated benzimidazole or an unsaturated substituted benzimidazole as a further linking ligand.

A trichlorogermanide of formula (I): [R.sub.4N]/[R.sub.4P]Cl[GeCl.sub.3] (I), where R is Me, Et, iPr, nBu, or Ph, tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide of formula (II): [R.sub.4N]/[R.sub.rP][Ge(SiCl.sub.3).sub.3] (II), where R is Me, Et, iPr, nBu, or Ph, a tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide adduct of GaCl.sub.3 of formula (III): [Ph.sub.4P][Ge(SiCl.sub.3).sub.3*GaCl.sub.3], and a tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide adduct of BBr.sub.3 of formula (IV): [Ph.sub.4P][Ge(SiCl.sub.3).sub.3*BBr.sub.3]. Also, methods for preparing the trichlorogermanides of formula (I), the tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide of formula (II), the tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide adduct of BBr.sub.3 of formula (IV).

A trichlorogermanide of formula (I): [R.sub.4N]/[R.sub.4P]Cl[GeCl.sub.3] (I), where R is Me, Et, iPr, nBu, or Ph, tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide of formula (II): [R.sub.4N]/[R.sub.4P][Ge(SiCl.sub.3).sub.3] (II), where R is Me, Et, iPr, nBu, or Ph, a tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide adduct of GaCl.sub.3 of formula (III): [Ph.sub.4P][Ge(SiCl.sub.3).sub.3*GaCl.sub.3], and a tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide adduct of BBr.sub.3 of formula (IV): [Ph.sub.4P][Ge(SiCl.sub.3).sub.3*BBr.sub.3]. Also, methods for preparing the trichlorogermanides of formula (I), the tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide of formula (II), the tris(trichlorosilyl)germanide adduct of BBr.sub.3 of formula (IV).

An apparatus for producing metal organic frameworks, comprising: a tubular flow reactor comprising a tubular body into which, in use, precursor compounds which form the metal organic framework are fed and flow, said tubular body including at least one annular loop.

A lithium ion secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The anode includes a cyclic compound. The cyclic compound includes one or more of a first cyclic compound, a second cyclic compound, a third cyclic compound, a fourth cyclic compound, a fifth cyclic compound, and a sixth cyclic compound.

A lithium ion secondary battery includes a cathode, an anode, and an electrolytic solution. The anode includes a cyclic compound and the cyclic compound includes one or more of a first cyclic compound, a second cyclic compound, and a third cyclic compound.

An apparatus for producing metal organic frameworks, comprising: a tubular flow reactor comprising a tubular body into which, in use, precursor compounds which form the metal organic framework are fed and flow, said tubular body including at least one annular loop.

The present disclosure relates to urinary polyamines useful as prostate cancer biomarkers. In particular, the present disclosure provides a novel, highly-sensitive and specific, method for detecting and quantifying urinary polyamines using lanthanide complexes or citrate capped gold nanoparticles.

Provided are a novel ionic solid usable for a secondary battery and demonstrating a high ionic conductivity, and an ionic conductor containing the same.

An ionic solid, wherein an anionic heterometallic complex composed of one metal M.sup.1 selected from the group consisting of Ir, Rh, Co, Os, Ru, Fe, Ni, Cr and Mn, one metal M.sup.2 selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Au, Ag and Cu (provided that when W is Rh, M.sup.2 is not Zn) and a ligand aggregates to form a crystal lattice in which a cationic species is present in an interstice in the crystal lattice.