The present disclosure provides methods for generating sugars from a cellulosic biomass. The methods combine treatment of the biomass using a high-shear milling device and saccharification of the biomass to partially hydrolyze the biomass. The biomass can be saccharified either after or simultaneously with the high-shear milling treatment. The partially hydrolyzed biomass is then separated into a solids stream with saccharification enzymes, and a liquid stream with sugars. The solids stream and associated enzymes are further incubated under saccharification conditions to produce additional sugars, or are recycled and added to fresh biomass, which is saccharified under high-shear milling conditions. The methods result in improved conversion of cellulosic biomass to glucose.

The present invention relates to a method for the stereoselective preparation of apiose derivatives from allylic alcohol compounds and allene compounds using catalytic asymmetric synthesis. The method for the stereoselective preparation of apiose derivatives of the present invention is based on the catalytic asymmetric synthesis from allylic alcohol compounds and allene compounds in the presence of a metal catalyst, so that apiose derivatives can be produced stereoselectively, with high yield, with high optical purity regardless of the types of substituents of the compounds. The method of the invention can also be used for the preparation of oligosaccharides including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides or various compounds including apiose derivatives because the method can minimize the production of by-products without using an activating group, unlike the conventional method for the preparation of adipose derivatives.

The present invention relates to a method for the stereoselective preparation of apiose derivatives from allylic alcohol compounds and allene compounds using catalytic asymmetric synthesis. The method for the stereoselective preparation of apiose derivatives of the present invention is based on the catalytic asymmetric synthesis from allylic alcohol compounds and allene compounds in the presence of a metal catalyst, so that apiose derivatives can be produced stereoselectively, with high yield, with high optical purity regardless of the types of substituents of the compounds. The method of the invention can also be used for the preparation of oligosaccharides including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides or various compounds including apiose derivatives because the method can minimize the production of by-products without using an activating group, unlike the conventional method for the preparation of adipose derivatives.

A method of generating a saccharide, especially lactulose or lactosucrose, in the presence of a transgalactosylase enzyme, is described herein.

An Embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of the general formula. The compound of formula is suitable for use in a method for treating a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human. Furthermore an embodiment of the present invention concerns a method for treatment of a disorder relating to the binding of a galectin, such as galectin-3 to a ligand in a mammal, such as a human.

Provided herein are processes for detecting oligosaccharides in a biological sample. In specific instances, the biological sample is provided from an individual suffering from a disorder associated with abnormal glycosaminoglycan accumulation.

Provided herein are processes for detecting oligosaccharides in a biological sample. In specific instances, the biological sample is provided from an individual suffering from a disorder associated with abnormal glycosaminoglycan accumulation.

A degradable container comprising a shaped body formed from a moldable composition including an amount of saccharide, an amount of saccharide-based solution, and an amount of vehicle.

A degradable container comprising a shaped body formed from a moldable composition including an amount of saccharide, an amount of saccharide-based solution, and an amount of vehicle.

The current invention is directed towards compounds of the general formula (I), wherein the integers are defined as follows: R.sup.1 is —(CH.sub.2)nCH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, R.sup.2 is —(CH.sub.2).sub.n+2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, G.sup.1 selected from monosaccharides with 4 to 6 carbon atoms, x in the range of from 1.1 to 4, n is a number in the range of from zero to 3. ##STR00001##