A novel lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was isolated from C. difficile, the structure of which is illustrated below wherein n is an integer between 1 and 20, R3 and R4 are independently selected from C 14:0, C 16:0, C 16:1, C 18:0 or C18:1 fatty acid or any combination thereof wherein one of COR3 or COR4 may be replaced by H. Further described are conjugates comprising the novel LTA and vaccines produced using the isolated LTA and the LTA conjugates. The invention also encompasses methods of conferring immunity against C. difficile comprising administering a vaccine of the invention, and methods of detecting C. difficile using the isolated LTA of the invention.

The present invention concerns a method for sequencing oligosaccharides, which makes it possible to identify the primary sequence of an oligosaccharide of unknown structure, including its monosaccharide composition, the position (regiochemistry) and configuration (stereochemistry) of glycosidic bonds, the nature and position of functional modifications, and its branched structure, particularly including the identification of the reducing end.

The present invention relates to a method for separating sialylated oligosaccharides from a fermentation broth in which they are produced by a genetically modified microorganism The separation comprises the steps of: i) ultrafiltration; ii) nano-filtration; iii) optionally, activated charcoal treatment; and iv) treatment with strong anion and/or cation exchange resin.

The present invention relates to a method for separating sialylated oligosaccharides from a fermentation broth in which they are produced by a genetically modified microorganism The separation comprises the steps of: i) ultrafiltration; ii) nano-filtration; iii) optionally, activated charcoal treatment; and iv) treatment with strong anion and/or cation exchange resin.

The present invention relates to a composition for preventing or treating diseases or symptoms associated with a reduction in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1?), the composition comprising, as an active ingredient, a compound represented by the following general formula I, a salt thereof, or a solvate thereof.

This invention provides compound having a structure of Formulas: Furthermore, methods and uses of such compounds for covalently bonding to a sugar acceptor, to form modified protein therapeutics having reduced enzymatic hydrolysis, improved biological stability or an improved pharmacokinetic property. ##STR00001##

This invention provides compound having a structure of Formulas: Furthermore, methods and uses of such compounds for covalently bonding to a sugar acceptor, to form modified protein therapeutics having reduced enzymatic hydrolysis, improved biological stability or an improved pharmacokinetic property. ##STR00001##

Prodrugs of nicotinic acid which include ribosyl groups are provided. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof may be used to treat or prevent to treat or prevent a variety of medical disorders, which are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction such as, for example, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, liver disorders, kidney disorders or muscle disorders.

Prodrugs of nicotinic acid which include ribosyl groups are provided. The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof may be used to treat or prevent to treat or prevent a variety of medical disorders, which are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction such as, for example, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, liver disorders, kidney disorders or muscle disorders.

A method of treating cancer in which a compound that inhibits the expression, production or release of IL-10 by immune cells is combined with a compound that stimulates the production of IL-12 when given in combination with, or in the presence of TNFa. Said method is effective when provided in addition to standard therapies, notably chemotherapy using cytotoxic drugs and other forms of immune therapy including therapeutic vaccines.