The present invention relates to a polymer composition which contains (A) a photosensitive side-chain polymer that exhibits liquid crystallinity in a predetermined temperature range and has a repeating unit comprising a vertically aligning group, and (B) an organic solvent. The present invention provides: a liquid crystal alignment film which has excellent tilt angle characteristics, while being provided with alignment controllability with high efficiency; a polymer composition which enables the achievement of this liquid crystal alignment film; a twisted nematic liquid crystal display element; and a vertical field switching mode liquid crystal display element.

A polymer composition may include a polymer produced from ethylene, one or more branched vinyl ester monomers, and optionally, vinyl acetate; wherein the polymer has a number average molecular weight ranging from 5 to 10,000 kDa, and a molecular weight distribution ranging from 1 to 60, obtained by GPC.

A polymer composition may include a polymer produced from ethylene, one or more branched vinyl ester monomers, and optionally, vinyl acetate; wherein the polymer has a number average molecular weight ranging from 5 to 10,000 kDa, and a molecular weight distribution ranging from 1 to 60, obtained by GPC.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes

##STR00001## where R includes a reactive end group, R.sup.1 includes a first bridging group, 1≤x≤100, and 1≤y≤100.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes

##STR00001## where R includes a reactive end group, R.sup.1 includes a first bridging group, 1≤x≤100, and 1≤y≤100.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes

##STR00001## where R includes a reactive end group, R.sup.1 includes a first bridging group, 1≤x≤100, and 1≤y≤100.

Methods, compounds, and compositions for inhibiting ice nucleation are disclosed. A method includes selecting a modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule based on at least one altered hydroxyl distance of the modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule and applying the modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule to water molecules to inhibit ice nucleation when subjected to freezing temperatures.

Methods, compounds, and compositions for inhibiting ice nucleation are disclosed. A method includes selecting a modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule based on at least one altered hydroxyl distance of the modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule and applying the modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule to water molecules to inhibit ice nucleation when subjected to freezing temperatures.

Methods, compounds, and compositions for inhibiting ice nucleation are disclosed. A method includes selecting a modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule based on at least one altered hydroxyl distance of the modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule and applying the modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule to water molecules to inhibit ice nucleation when subjected to freezing temperatures.

Methods, compounds, and compositions for inhibiting ice nucleation are disclosed. A method includes selecting a modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule based on at least one altered hydroxyl distance of the modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule and applying the modified polyvinyl alcohol molecule to water molecules to inhibit ice nucleation when subjected to freezing temperatures.