A method for manufacturing a pre-lithiated polyphenylene sulfide with a high solid solubility of lithium includes; placing NMP, Li.sub.2S, and LiOH into a high-pressure reactor to obtain a mixture, and heating the mixture to 150-250° C. for a high-temperature dehydration for 2-5 h, and then cooling the mixture to 100° C. and adding p-DCB to the mixture for a reaction at 150-250° C. for 80-200 min; dropwise adding hydrochloric acid in an identical amount as that of the LiOH neutralize LiOH, and removing NMP and H.sub.2O by evaporation or sublimation, to obtain a dry mixed powder; and to the dry mixed powder, adding a chloride ion complexing agent to obtain a mixture, stirring the mixture to homogeneity, and placing the mixture in a sealed reactor for a reaction at 150-250° C. for 80-200 min, followed by washing and drying, to obtain the pre-lithiated polyphenylene sulfide.

A method for manufacturing a pre-lithiated polyphenylene sulfide with a high solid solubility of lithium includes; placing NMP, Li.sub.2S, and LiOH into a high-pressure reactor to obtain a mixture, and heating the mixture to 150-250° C. for a high-temperature dehydration for 2-5 h, and then cooling the mixture to 100° C. and adding p-DCB to the mixture for a reaction at 150-250° C. for 80-200 min; dropwise adding hydrochloric acid in an identical amount as that of the LiOH neutralize LiOH, and removing NMP and H.sub.2O by evaporation or sublimation, to obtain a dry mixed powder; and to the dry mixed powder, adding a chloride ion complexing agent to obtain a mixture, stirring the mixture to homogeneity, and placing the mixture in a sealed reactor for a reaction at 150-250° C. for 80-200 min, followed by washing and drying, to obtain the pre-lithiated polyphenylene sulfide.

The present invention relates to sulfur based polymers and a process of making sulfur based polymers. The invention also relates to sorbents comprising the sulfur-based polymers. The invention also relates to the use of such polymers and sorbents in metal remediation or extraction. The invention also relates to methods of removing heavy metals from fluids.

Described herein are various embodiments of binder and slurry compositions and methods of making a solid-state battery therefrom. An solid-state electrochemical cell may include a first electrode substrate with a separator layer that is continuously interleaved in an alternating pattern with a second electrode substrate. A method of making a solid-state electrochemical cell may include applying a separator layer to a first electrode substrate and continuously interleaving folded portions of the first electrode substrate with alternating folded portions of a second electrode substrate to form an electrochemical cell.

Described herein are various embodiments of binder and slurry compositions and methods of making a solid-state battery therefrom. An solid-state electrochemical cell may include a first electrode substrate with a separator layer that is continuously interleaved in an alternating pattern with a second electrode substrate. A method of making a solid-state electrochemical cell may include applying a separator layer to a first electrode substrate and continuously interleaving folded portions of the first electrode substrate with alternating folded portions of a second electrode substrate to form an electrochemical cell.

Copolymerization of elemental sulfur with functional comonomers afford sulfur copolymers having a high molecular weight and high sulfur content. Nucleophilic activators initiate sulfur polymerizations at relative lower temperatures and in solutions, which enable the use of a wider range of comonomers, such as vinylics, styrenics, and non-homopolymerizing comonomers. Nucleophilic activators promote ring-opening reactions to generate linear polysulfide intermediates that copolymerize with comonomers. Dynamic sulfur-sulfur bonds enable re-processing or melt processing of the sulfur polymer. Chalcogenide-based copolymers have a refractive index of about 1.7-2.6 at a wavelength in a range of about 5000 nm-8μ.Math.τ.Math.. The sulfur copolymer can be a thermoplastic or a thermoset for use in elastomers, resins, lubricants, coatings, antioxidants, cathode materials for electrochemical cells, dental adhesives/restorations, and polymeric articles such as polymeric films and free-standing substrates. Optical substrates are constructed from the chalcogenide copolymer and are substantially transparent in the visible and infrared spectrum.

Copolymerization of elemental sulfur with functional comonomers afford sulfur copolymers having a high molecular weight and high sulfur content. Nucleophilic activators initiate sulfur polymerizations at relative lower temperatures and in solutions, which enable the use of a wider range of comonomers, such as vinylics, styrenics, and non-homopolymerizing comonomers. Nucleophilic activators promote ring-opening reactions to generate linear polysulfide intermediates that copolymerize with comonomers. Dynamic sulfur-sulfur bonds enable re-processing or melt processing of the sulfur polymer. Chalcogenide-based copolymers have a refractive index of about 1.7-2.6 at a wavelength in a range of about 5000 nm-8μ.Math.τ.Math.. The sulfur copolymer can be a thermoplastic or a thermoset for use in elastomers, resins, lubricants, coatings, antioxidants, cathode materials for electrochemical cells, dental adhesives/restorations, and polymeric articles such as polymeric films and free-standing substrates. Optical substrates are constructed from the chalcogenide copolymer and are substantially transparent in the visible and infrared spectrum.

Disclosed is a curable sealant composition including: (i) a thiol-terminated prepolymer and/or monomers thereof, wherein the thiol-terminated prepolymer is a polythioether or a polysulfide; (ii) an “ene” crosslinker having a molecular weight of about 100 to about 5000; and (iii) a pH indicator molecule including a quantum dot functionalized with a pH-responsive ligand. Methods for determining a sufficient cure state of a composition by combining the thiol-terminated prepolymer and/or monomers thereof and the “ene” crosslinker with a pH indicator molecule, including a quantum dot functionalized with a pH-responsive ligand, and (ii) then subjecting a resultant mixture of (i) to curing conditions until the mixture changes its color are also disclosed.

Disclosed is a curable sealant composition including: (i) a thiol-terminated prepolymer and/or monomers thereof, wherein the thiol-terminated prepolymer is a polythioether or a polysulfide; (ii) an “ene” crosslinker having a molecular weight of about 100 to about 5000; and (iii) a pH indicator molecule including a quantum dot functionalized with a pH-responsive ligand. Methods for determining a sufficient cure state of a composition by combining the thiol-terminated prepolymer and/or monomers thereof and the “ene” crosslinker with a pH indicator molecule, including a quantum dot functionalized with a pH-responsive ligand, and (ii) then subjecting a resultant mixture of (i) to curing conditions until the mixture changes its color are also disclosed.

The disclosure provides for vectors, and methods of using the vectors to efficiently deliver mRNA and/or ssRNA into cells.