Provided are a varnish for porous polyimide film production, providing an unburned composite film that is less likely to have a sea-island structure, and a method for producing a porous polyimide film using the same. The varnish according to the present invention comprises a resin including polyamide acid and/or polyimide, fine particles, and a solvent, and has a fine particle content of not less than 65% by volume relative to the total of the resin and the fine particles and a viscosity at 25 C. of not less than 550 mPa.Math.s. Preferably, the varnish further comprises a dispersant. The method for producing a porous polyimide film according to the present invention comprises: forming an unburned composite film using the varnish; burning the unburned composite film to obtain a polyimide-fine particle composite film; and removing the fine particles from the polyimide-fine particle composite film.

In accordance with the purpose(s) of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, embodiments of the present disclosure, in one aspect, relate to macroporous photonic crystal membranes, structures including macroporous photonic crystal membranes, devices including macroporous photonic crystal membranes, methods of using macroporous photonic crystal membranes, methods of making macroporous photonic crystal membranes, and the like.

In accordance with the purpose(s) of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, embodiments of the present disclosure, in one aspect, relate to macroporous photonic crystal membranes, structures including macroporous photonic crystal membranes, devices including macroporous photonic crystal membranes, methods of using macroporous photonic crystal membranes, methods of making macroporous photonic crystal membranes, and the like.

A porous hollow fiber membrane includes at least a first solvent and a second solvent. The first solvent is at least one selected from sebacic acid esters, citric acid esters, acetyl citric acid esters, adipic acid esters, trimellitic acid esters, oleic acid esters, palmitic acid esters, stearic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, C6-C30 fatty acids, and epoxidized vegetable oils. The second solvent is different from the first solvent, and is at least one selected from sebacic acid esters, citric acid esters, acetyl citric acid esters, adipic acid esters, trimellitic acid esters, oleic acid esters, palmitic acid esters, stearic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, C6-C30 fatty acids, and epoxidized vegetable oils. The porous hollow fiber membrane has a three-dimensional network structure.

A porous hollow fiber membrane includes at least a first solvent and a second solvent. The first solvent is at least one selected from sebacic acid esters, citric acid esters, acetyl citric acid esters, adipic acid esters, trimellitic acid esters, oleic acid esters, palmitic acid esters, stearic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, C6-C30 fatty acids, and epoxidized vegetable oils. The second solvent is different from the first solvent, and is at least one selected from sebacic acid esters, citric acid esters, acetyl citric acid esters, adipic acid esters, trimellitic acid esters, oleic acid esters, palmitic acid esters, stearic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, C6-C30 fatty acids, and epoxidized vegetable oils. The porous hollow fiber membrane has a three-dimensional network structure.

A ceramic resin is provided, along with its methods of formation and use. The ceramic resin may include a crosslinkable precursor, a photoinitiator, ceramic particles, and pore forming particles. The ceramic resin may be utilized to form a ceramic casting element, such as via a method that includes forming a layer of the ceramic resin; applying light onto the ceramic resin such that the photoinitiator initiates polymerization of the crosslinkable precursor to form a crosslinked polymeric matrix setting the ceramic particles and the pore forming particles; and thereafter, heating the crosslinked polymeric matrix to a first temperature to burn out the pore forming particles.

A ceramic resin is provided, along with its methods of formation and use. The ceramic resin may include a crosslinkable precursor, a photoinitiator, ceramic particles, and pore forming particles. The ceramic resin may be utilized to form a ceramic casting element, such as via a method that includes forming a layer of the ceramic resin; applying light onto the ceramic resin such that the photoinitiator initiates polymerization of the crosslinkable precursor to form a crosslinked polymeric matrix setting the ceramic particles and the pore forming particles; and thereafter, heating the crosslinked polymeric matrix to a first temperature to burn out the pore forming particles.

The invention relates to manufacturing processes for waterproof and breathable porous polymer membranes by coating a substrate with a dispersion comprising polymer, coated particles and diluent and removing the particles by dissolution, wherein the particles are made of organic salts, metal salts or metal oxides and the coating material is selected from carboxylic acids and alkoxy silanes. The invention further relates to dispersions to obtain such membranes, to polymer membranes obtained, to shaped art ides containing such membranes; to the use of such membranes, shaped articles and intermediates.

The invention relates to manufacturing processes for waterproof and breathable porous polymer membranes by coating a substrate with a dispersion comprising polymer, coated particles and diluent and removing the particles by dissolution, wherein the particles are made of organic salts, metal salts or metal oxides and the coating material is selected from carboxylic acids and alkoxy silanes. The invention further relates to dispersions to obtain such membranes, to polymer membranes obtained, to shaped art ides containing such membranes; to the use of such membranes, shaped articles and intermediates.

The invention provides methods, compositions and kits relating to hydrogel foams.