The invention provides methods, compositions and kits relating to hydrogel foams.

This disclosure provides for synthetic routes of acrylic acid and other ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. For example, there is provided a process for producing an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or its salt, comprising: (1) contacting in any order, a group 8-11 transition metal precursor, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and a porous crosslinked polyphenoxide resin comprising associated metal cations to provide a mixture; and (2) applying reaction conditions to the mixture suitable to produce the ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the polyphenoxide resin comprising associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides for synthetic routes of acrylic acid and other ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. For example, there is provided a process for producing an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or its salt, comprising: (1) contacting in any order, a group 8-11 transition metal precursor, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and a porous crosslinked polyphenoxide resin comprising associated metal cations to provide a mixture; and (2) applying reaction conditions to the mixture suitable to produce the ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the polyphenoxide resin comprising associated metal cations are described.

The present invention provides: porous spherical silicone rubber particles which have high light scattering performance; porous silicone composite particles; and a method for producing these particles. The porous spherical silicone rubber particles have pores inside the particles or in the surfaces of the particles.

The present invention provides: porous spherical silicone rubber particles which have high light scattering performance; porous silicone composite particles; and a method for producing these particles. The porous spherical silicone rubber particles have pores inside the particles or in the surfaces of the particles.

Provided are a composition for producing a porous film the composition enabling a decrease in a pore diameter of a produced porous film and improvement of a flow rate through the porous film, a method for producing a porous film, and a porous film. A composition for producing a porous film, the composition comprising at least one resin component (A) selected from a group consisting of polyamide acid, polyimide, a polyamide-imide precursor, polyamide-imide, and polyethersulfone, fine particles (B), and a solvent (S), the fine particles (B) comprising fine particles (B1) and fine particles (B2) having an average particle diameter larger than that of the fine particles (B1), the fine particles (B1) having an average particle diameter of smaller than 100 nm.

Provided are a composition for producing a porous film the composition enabling a decrease in a pore diameter of a produced porous film and improvement of a flow rate through the porous film, a method for producing a porous film, and a porous film. A composition for producing a porous film, the composition comprising at least one resin component (A) selected from a group consisting of polyamide acid, polyimide, a polyamide-imide precursor, polyamide-imide, and polyethersulfone, fine particles (B), and a solvent (S), the fine particles (B) comprising fine particles (B1) and fine particles (B2) having an average particle diameter larger than that of the fine particles (B1), the fine particles (B1) having an average particle diameter of smaller than 100 nm.

A ceramic resin is provided, along with its methods of formation and use. The ceramic resin may include a crosslinkable precursor, a photoinitiator, ceramic particles, and pore forming particles. The ceramic resin may be utilized to form a ceramic casting element, such as via a method that includes forming a layer of the ceramic resin; applying light onto the ceramic resin such that the photoinitiator initiates polymerization of the crosslinkable precursor to form a crosslinked polymeric matrix setting the ceramic particles and the pore forming particles; and thereafter, heating the crosslinked polymeric matrix to a first temperature to burn out the pore forming particles.

A ceramic resin is provided, along with its methods of formation and use. The ceramic resin may include a crosslinkable precursor, a photoinitiator, ceramic particles, and pore forming particles. The ceramic resin may be utilized to form a ceramic casting element, such as via a method that includes forming a layer of the ceramic resin; applying light onto the ceramic resin such that the photoinitiator initiates polymerization of the crosslinkable precursor to form a crosslinked polymeric matrix setting the ceramic particles and the pore forming particles; and thereafter, heating the crosslinked polymeric matrix to a first temperature to burn out the pore forming particles.

The disclosure is related to compositions having water permeability greater than about 20 g/(hr*m.sup.2) that includes one or more elastomers and one or more agents and methods of preparing the same. The compositions are suitable for use in acoustical devices such as earpieces, e.g., in-ear earpieces.