Additional oil recovery is obtained from a reservoir with a composition comprising at least a coupling solvent typically employed in waterborne coating compositions. Provided herein are embodiments of methods of recovering hydrocarbons using at least one coupling solvent, such as an oxygenated coupling solvent. The coupling solvent increases the mutual solubility with water at the injection temperature to facilitate the mixing and injection, particularly with an optional co-solvent. The coupling solvent helps mitigate formation plugging and improve performance when injected into a formation, as the solvent mixture moves from being miscible in the injection field water to being miscible in the reservoir oil, mobilizing the reservoir oil to increase oil recovery.

Provided is an electron-accepting substance precursor comprising a sulfonic acid ester compound represented by formula (1). ##STR00001##
(In the formula, R.sup.1-R.sup.4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, or a straight-chain or branched C1-6 alkyl group. R.sup.5 represents a C2-20 monovalent hydrocarbon group which may be substituted. A.sup.1 represents O or S. A.sup.2 represents a group having a valence of (n+1) and derived from naphthalene or anthracene. A.sup.3 represents a group having a valence of m and derived from perfluorinated biphenyl. m represents an integer satisfying 2m4. n represents an integer satisfying 1n4).

Provided is an electron-accepting substance precursor comprising a sulfonic acid ester compound represented by formula (1). ##STR00001##
(In the formula, R.sup.1-R.sup.4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, or a straight-chain or branched C1-6 alkyl group. R.sup.5 represents a C2-20 monovalent hydrocarbon group which may be substituted. A.sup.1 represents O or S. A.sup.2 represents a group having a valence of (n+1) and derived from naphthalene or anthracene. A.sup.3 represents a group having a valence of m and derived from perfluorinated biphenyl. m represents an integer satisfying 2m4. n represents an integer satisfying 1n4).

The present disclosure provides an aerogel comprising conductive polymers and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). The present disclosure also provides a sensor comprising the aerogels of the present invention.

The present disclosure provides an aerogel comprising conductive polymers and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF). The present disclosure also provides a sensor comprising the aerogels of the present invention.

A monomer having formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein in formula (I), groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

A monomer having formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein in formula (I), groups and variables are the same as described in the specification.

The present invention provides a bio-electrode composition including (A) an ionic material and (C) a metal powder, wherein the component (A) is a polymer compound containing a repeating unit-a having a structure selected from the group consisting of an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, and a silver salt of any of fluorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonimide, and fluorosulfonamide. This can form a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even though it is wetted with water or dried.

The present invention provides a bio-electrode composition including (A) an ionic material and (C) a metal powder, wherein the component (A) is a polymer compound containing a repeating unit-a having a structure selected from the group consisting of an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, and a silver salt of any of fluorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonimide, and fluorosulfonamide. This can form a living body contact layer for a bio-electrode that is excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even though it is wetted with water or dried.

A bio-electrode, excellent in electric conductivity and biocompatibility, light-weight, manufacturable at low cost, and free from large lowering of the electric conductivity even though it is wetted with water or dried, includes an electro-conductive base material and a living body contact layer formed on the electro-conductive base material. The living body contact layer is a cured material of a bio-electrode composition including (A) an ionic material and (C) a metal powder, wherein the component (A) is a polymer compound containing a repeating unit-a having a structure selected from an ammonium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, and a silver salt of any of fluorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonimide, and fluorosulfonamide.