An apparatus for heating a product includes a storage compartment for a product to be heated and a heater module physically and thermally coupled to the storage compartment. The heater module has a housing that defines a reaction chamber. A rigid barrier is inside the reaction chamber and defines first and second portions thereof. A first reactant is inside the reaction chamber, and a flexible bag (with a second reactant) is in the first portion of the first chemical reactant. The first and second reactants react exothermically upon contact. A piercing element can pierce the flexible bag. After piercing, the a fluid path and one or more fluid channels carry the second reactant to a section of the first portion of the reaction chamber away from where the flexible bag is located.

A nested temperature regulation device includes a watertight pouch having a gas valve, a first plurality of reactive spheres and a rupturable fluid bag. The first reactive spheres are configured to create an endothermic reaction or an exothermic reaction for a set period of time when engaged by the fluid. At least one soluble barrier is positioned within the pouch and includes a hollow interior space that contains another plurality of reactive spheres. Each soluble barrier is constructed to dissolve and to permit the fluid from the bag to engage a subsequent plurality of reactive spheres after a predetermined period of time that is equal to the effective reaction time of the plurality of reactive spheres immediately previously engaged by the fluid. One or more of the plurality of reactive spheres includes a coating that delays the fluid from accessing the reactive material of the sphere having the coating.

Provided is a sleeping bag including a warmth-improving portion. The warmth-improving portion includes a first insulation layer located on one surface in an inward direction of a sleeping bag outer covering and configured to block an inflow of the cold from the outside, a first compressed fiber layer located on one surface of the first insulation layer, and a heat-retention layer located on one surface of the first compressed fiber layer. According to the present invention, since it is possible to block the cold from the outside and to prevent warmth inside from being released using a first insulation layer, heat-retaining performance may be maximized. Since heat is generated on the basis of steam outside and inside a sleeping bag using a heat-retention layer, it is possible to easily increase and maintain a temperature inside the sleeping bag without a separate heat source.

Described herein is a system (100) for storage and releasing of carbon dioxide comprising at least one solids reactor (1), at least one compressor (7, 8) for compressing the carbon dioxide-containing gas or fluid, respectively, which is introduced through the inlet (3) of the solids reactor, wherein the compressor (7, 8) is constructed in such a way that it adiabatically expands the gas or fluid, respectively, depleted of carbon dioxide that is discharged from the reactor by means of the outlet (2) of the solids reactor, and at least one countercurrent recuperator (6), which is constructed for the heat exchange of the compressed exhaust gas or fluid, respectively, that contains carbon dioxide and the gas or fluid, respectively, depleted of carbon dioxide.

Described is furthermore a solids reactor for storage and releasing carbon dioxide, comprising a gas-tight or fluid-tight, respectively, housing, which has an interior, at least one inlet for feeding in fluids and at least one outlet for discharging of gases or fluids, respectively, wherein the interior of the housing is filled with at least two different solids, wherein one solid is provided for storing thermal energy and the other solid is provided for regenerative storage and releasing of carbon dioxide.

Furthermore described is a method for storage and releasing of carbon dioxide.

Described herein is a system (100) for storage and releasing of carbon dioxide comprising at least one solids reactor (1), at least one compressor (7, 8) for compressing the carbon dioxide-containing gas or fluid, respectively, which is introduced through the inlet (3) of the solids reactor, wherein the compressor (7, 8) is constructed in such a way that it adiabatically expands the gas or fluid, respectively, depleted of carbon dioxide that is discharged from the reactor by means of the outlet (2) of the solids reactor, and at least one countercurrent recuperator (6), which is constructed for the heat exchange of the compressed exhaust gas or fluid, respectively, that contains carbon dioxide and the gas or fluid, respectively, depleted of carbon dioxide.

Described is furthermore a solids reactor for storage and releasing carbon dioxide, comprising a gas-tight or fluid-tight, respectively, housing, which has an interior, at least one inlet for feeding in fluids and at least one outlet for discharging of gases or fluids, respectively, wherein the interior of the housing is filled with at least two different solids, wherein one solid is provided for storing thermal energy and the other solid is provided for regenerative storage and releasing of carbon dioxide.

Furthermore described is a method for storage and releasing of carbon dioxide.

Thermochemical storage materials having the general formula A.sub.xA′.sub.1-xB.sub.yB′.sub.1-yO.sub.3-δ, where A=La, Sr, K, Ca, Ba, Y and B=Mn, Fe, Co, Ti, Ni, Cu, Zr, Al, Y, Cr, V, Nb, Mo, are disclosed. These materials have improved thermal storage energy density and reaction kinetics compared to previous materials. Concentrating solar power thermochemical systems and methods capable of storing heat energy by using these thermochemical storage materials are also disclosed.

Thermochemical storage materials having the general formula A.sub.xA′.sub.1-xB.sub.yB′.sub.1-yO.sub.3-δ, where A=La, Sr, K, Ca, Ba, Y and B=Mn, Fe, Co, Ti, Ni, Cu, Zr, Al, Y, Cr, V, Nb, Mo, are disclosed. These materials have improved thermal storage energy density and reaction kinetics compared to previous materials. Concentrating solar power thermochemical systems and methods capable of storing heat energy by using these thermochemical storage materials are also disclosed.

Disclosed are high enthalpy thermochemical energy storage materials that exhibit high thermal conductivity and stability at high temperature reaction conditions. Disclosed materials include hydride-based alloys that can undergo high temperature reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions without phase change of any metal or metalloid components of the alloy. The materials undergo a reversible exothermic hydrogenation reaction to form a metal hydride and a ternary alloy that includes a high thermal conductivity metal that, in its pure state, would exhibit a phase change at the hydrogenation reaction conditions.

Disclosed are high enthalpy thermochemical energy storage materials that exhibit high thermal conductivity and stability at high temperature reaction conditions. Disclosed materials include hydride-based alloys that can undergo high temperature reversible hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions without phase change of any metal or metalloid components of the alloy. The materials undergo a reversible exothermic hydrogenation reaction to form a metal hydride and a ternary alloy that includes a high thermal conductivity metal that, in its pure state, would exhibit a phase change at the hydrogenation reaction conditions.

Provided with a heat storage device having a simple and small shape without occupying large space when mounted on an electric car and capable of storing and releasing heat efficiently without using water so that the heat storage device is used as a heater. A heat storage device 10 includes: a heat storage material 14 configured to be oxidized and deoxidized by a temperature control operation; a heat transfer material 15 for heating the heat storage material 14; at least a pair of electrodes 11, 12 configured to be connected to a power source for heating the heat transfer material 15; a container 16 containing the heat storage material 14, the heat transfer material 15 and the at least a pair of electrodes; an upstream valve 17 provided on an upstream inlet of the container 16 for shielding an inside of the container 16 from an outside; and a downstream valve provided on a downstream outlet of the container 16 for shielding the inside of the container 16 from the outside.