The present disclosure relates to a process for reducing the amount of carbon disulphide (CS.sub.2) in a hydrocarbon feed containing C.sub.5-C.sub.8 fractions. The hydrocarbon feed is treated with an amine functionalized anion exchange resin (basic anion exchange resin) to obtain a mixture comprising a liquid fraction containing treated hydrocarbon and a solid mass containing an adduct of CS.sub.2 and the amine functionalized anion exchange resin. The so obtained liquid fraction containing the treated hydrocarbon is separated from the solid mass to obtain the hydrocarbon having CS.sub.2 content less than 2 ppm. The amine functionalized anion exchange resin can be regenerated from the solid mass.

A hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) system can comprise a biomass slurry source, a first pump in fluid communication with the slurry source and configured to pressurize a biomass slurry stream from the slurry source to a first pressure, a first heat exchanger in fluid communication with the first pump and configured to heat a slurry stream received from the first pump to a first temperature, a second pump in fluid communication with the first heat exchanger and configured to pressurize a slurry stream received from the first heat exchanger to a second pressure higher than the first pressure, a second heat exchanger in fluid communication with the second pump and configured to heat a slurry stream received from the second pump to a second temperature higher than the first temperature, and a HTL reactor configured to produce biocrude from a slurry stream received from the second heat exchanger.

A method of upcycling polymers to useful hydrocarbon materials. A catalyst with nanoparticles on a substrate selectively docks and cleaves longer hydrocarbon chains over shorter hydrocarbon chains. The nanoparticles exhibit an edge to facet ratio to provide for more interactions with the facets.

A process of producing a distillate fuel from lignin includes: preparing a biomass-derived lignin solvent; dissolving the lignin in the biomass-derived solvent; and separating undissolved lignin and mineral matter to produce a syncrude. In certain embodiments, the process further includes subjecting the syncrude to a hydrotreatment/hydrogenation process to produce a distillate fuel. A process to improve direct lignin liquefaction includes: using a non-hydrogenated lipid in a direct lignin liquefaction process to facilitate lignin depolymerization. A process for using a biomass-derived feedstock as a hydrogen donor includes: providing a biomass-derived feedstock; modifying the feedstock to improve its usefulness as a hydrogen donor; and conducting a transfer hydrogenation process using the modified feedstock as a hydrogen donor.

The invention relates to a process for producing an upgraded renewable oil from renewable carbonaceous material(-s) comprising providing a low sulphur oxygen containing renewable crude oil having a sulphur content of less than 0.5 wt % and an oxygen content from about 2.0 wt to about 20 wt %, pressurising the low sulphur oxygen containing renewable crude oil to an operational pressure in the range 20 to 200 bar, adding and mixing hydrogen to the pressurized low sulphur oxygen containing crude oil, heating the oil to an operational temperature in the range 180-410° C. in one or more steps, contacting said oil with at least one heterogeneous catalyst contained in a first reaction zone, contacting the effluent from said first reaction zone with at least one heterogeneous catalyst contained in a second reaction zone, where in at least one of the heterogeneous catalaysts in the first reaction zone and/or the second reaction zone is on a non-suplhided form.

The present disclosure relates to a process for reducing the amount of carbon disulphide (CS.sub.2) in a hydrocarbon feed containing C.sub.5-C.sub.8 fractions. The hydrocarbon feed is treated with an amine functionalized anion exchange resin (basic anion exchange resin) to obtain a mixture comprising a liquid fraction containing treated hydrocarbon and a solid mass containing an adduct of CS.sub.2 and the amine functionalized anion exchange resin. The so obtained liquid fraction containing the treated hydrocarbon is separated from the solid mass to obtain the hydrocarbon having CS.sub.2 content less than 2 ppm. The amine functionalized anion exchange resin can be regenerated from the solid mass.

There is a process for the production of a liquid fuel and of a gaseous fuel from biomass. The biomass is sent to a pre-treatment section to form a homogeneous phase that can be moved and/or pumped, wherein inert parts are separated from the biomass and the biomass shredded and/or ground to reduce its size. The homogeneous phase obtained is then subjected to subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction at a temperature between 240° C. and 310° C. to form a liquefied phase. The liquefied phase is separated. After separation, the process continues in two alternative and mutually exclusive modes. In the first mode, the first aqueous phase is subjected to an anaerobic reaction with multiple stages producing biogas; the oily phase is separated into a bio-oil and a solid residue. In the second mode, the separate mixed phase is separated by density or dynamics forming a first aqueous phase, bio-oil and a gaseous phase. The first aqueous phase is subjected to a multiple-stage anaerobic reaction from which biogas, a muddy current and a second aqueous phase are produced.

A method is disclosed of producing hydrocarbons from a recycled or renewable organic material wherein the recycled or renewable organic material contains hydroxyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds. Exemplary methods include (a) providing recycled or renewable organic material; (b) optionally purifying the recycled or renewable organic material; (c) hydrotreating the recycled or renewable organic material in a presence of a hydrotreating catalyst, thereby forming a hydrocarbon stream and a phenol-containing effluent; (d) separating phenols from the phenol-containing effluent of step (c), thereby forming a phenol stream and a purified water stream; and (e) recycling the phenol stream obtained in step (d) to step (c) to increase the yield of hydrocarbons obtained from step (c); to obtain hydrocarbons containing less than 1 wt % oxygen.

Methods, systems, and devices for liquid hydrocarbon fuel production, hydrocarbon chemical production, and aerosol capture are provided. For example, a carbon-oxygen-hydrogen (C—O—H) compound may be heated to a temperature of at least 800 degrees Celsius such that the C—O—H compound reacts through a non-oxidation reaction to generate at least a hydrocarbon compound that may be at least a component of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel or a hydrocarbon chemical. The liquid hydrocarbon fuel may be a liquid when at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. The C—O—H compound may include biomass. In some cases, the hydrocarbon compound produced through the non-oxidation reaction includes a hydrocarbon aerosol form as the hydrocarbon compound at least as it is produced or cools. Some embodiments include aerosol capture methods, systems, and devices, which may include passing a hydrocarbon aerosol form through a material in a liquid phase in order to gather the aerosol material.

Methods, systems, and devices for liquid hydrocarbon fuel production, hydrocarbon chemical production, and aerosol capture are provided. For example, a carbon-oxygen-hydrogen (C—O—H) compound may be heated to a temperature of at least 800 degrees Celsius such that the C—O—H compound reacts through a non-oxidation reaction to generate at least a hydrocarbon compound that may be at least a component of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel or a hydrocarbon chemical. The liquid hydrocarbon fuel may be a liquid when at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. The C—O—H compound may include biomass. In some cases, the hydrocarbon compound produced through the non-oxidation reaction includes a hydrocarbon aerosol form as the hydrocarbon compound at least as it is produced or cools. Some embodiments include aerosol capture methods, systems, and devices, which may include passing a hydrocarbon aerosol form through a material in a liquid phase in order to gather the aerosol material.