A process removing ionic liquid from a process stream is described. The process stream is introduced into a coalescer to form an ionic liquid stream and a first treated process stream which has less ionic liquid than the process stream. The first treated process stream is introduced into a separator to form a second treated process stream. The second treated process stream has less ionic liquid than the first treated process stream. The separator is selected from a filtration zone comprising sand or carbon, an adsorption zone, a scrubbing zone, an electrostatic separation zone, or combinations thereof.

Methods and systems producing gasoline boiling range hydrocarbons from light paraffins are disclosed. Such methods may include exposing a paraffin-containing stream to a catalyst in a side riser of a fluid catalytic cracking reactor under effective conditions for dehydrogenating at least a portion of paraffins in the stream into olefins and thereby producing an olefin-containing stream, wherein the paraffin-containing stream comprises greater than 50 wt % isobutane; and alkylating olefins in the olefin-containing stream to produce a product stream comprising an alkylate fraction comprising hydrocarbons boiling between 100 F. and 400 F.

Processes for the production of linear alkylbenzenes from a renewable feedstock. Prior to converting the side chains of the glycerides and free fatty acids of the feedstock into hydrocarbons, the feedstock is separated into a stream rich in C.sub.10 and C.sub.14 free fatty acids glycerides having C.sub.10 and C.sub.14 fatty acid side chains and at least one, preferably two, other glyceride streams. The stream rich in glycerides having C.sub.10 and C.sub.14 fatty acid side chains can be converted via deoxygenation into a stream rich in C.sub.9 to C.sub.14 hydrocarbons while the other glyceride streams can be used as vegetable oil. A C.sub.10 to C.sub.13 hydrocarbon fraction from the stream rich in C.sub.9 to C.sub.14 hydrocarbons may be dehydrogenated to form olefins which may be reacted with benzene to form linear alkylbenzenes. The linear alkylbenzenes may be used to produce surfactants.

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation. Hydrocarbon-containing materials are also used as feedstocks.

The invention provides a Fischer-Tropsch jet fuel refining process which has a jet fuel yield in excess of 60% by mass, said process including at least four of the following Five conversion processes: a. hydrocracking one or more of a FT kerosene and heavier material fraction and a C9 and heavier FT Syncrude fraction; b. oligomerising an FT syncrude fraction including hydrocarbons in the range C2 to C8; c. hydrotreating one or more of an FT syncrude fraction, a product from process b., and an alkylated FT syncrude fraction; d. aromatizing one or more of an FT syncrude fraction including hydrocarbons in the range C2 to C8, a product from process a., a product from process b, a product from process c., and a product from an aromatic alkylation process; and e. alkylating one or more of an FT syncrude fraction including hydrocarbons in the C2 to C6 range, a product from process b., and a product from process d.

This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation in an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene methylation within an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene wherein an embodiment uses a riser reactor, another embodiment uses a pre-reactor producing dimethyl ether, and another embodiment uses partial regeneration of the catalyst.

A process for producing transport fuel blendstocks comprises providing a first feedstock comprising butane and propane and a second feedstock comprising benzene and dehydrogenating the first feedstock in a first reactor to produce a C4 product comprising butane and butene and a C3 product comprising propane and propylene. The process also comprises oligomerizing the C4 product in a second reactor to produce a first transport fuel blendstock and alkylating the C3 product with the second feedstock in a third reactor to produce a second transport fuel blendstock.

The invention relates to a method for cleaning hydrocarbon mixtures, in which a contaminated hydrocarbon mixture comprising hydrocarbons having three to eight carbon atoms is at least partly freed of impurities by contacting with a solid sorbent, wherein the hydrocarbon mixture is exclusively in the liquid state during contact with the sorbent. The object of the invention is to specify a process for cleaning liquid C.sub.3 to C.sub.8 hydrocarbon mixtures, which is based on a readily available but non-carcinogenic sorbent and which achieves better purities compared to traditional molecular sieves. This object is achieved by using, as sorbents, solid materials of the following composition: copper oxide: 10% to 60% by weight (calculated as CuO); zinc oxide: 10% to 60% by weight (calculated as ZnO); aluminum oxide: 10% to 30% by weight (calculated as Al.sub.2O.sub.3); other substances: 0% to 5% by weight. Materials of this kind are otherwise used as catalysts in methanol synthesis.

The present disclosure relates to a zeolite based catalyst composition comprising i. at least one rare earth metal, ii. at least one zeolite, and iii. optionally, at least one promoter; wherein, said rare earth metal is impregnated in said zeolite. The amount of said rare earth metal in said composition is in the range of 0.1 to 20 w/w %. The present disclosure also relates to a process for preparing a catalyst composition. Further, the present disclosure relates to a process for reducing olefin content in a hydrocarbon stream using the catalyst of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure relates to processes for the removal of paraffins. The processes generally include providing a C.sub.4 containing stream including isobutylene, 1-butene, 2-butene, n-butane and isobutane, introducing the C.sub.4 containing stream into a paraffin removal process to form an olefin rich stream, wherein the paraffin removal process is selected from extractive distillation utilizing a solvent including an organonitrile, passing the C.sub.4 containing stream over a semi-permeable membrane and combinations thereof; and recovering the olefin rich stream from the paraffin removal process, wherein the olefin rich stream includes less than 5 wt. % paraffins.