Compositions based on effluents and/or products from FCC processing of a high saturate content, low heteroatom content feedstock are provided. By processing a high saturate content, low heteroatom content feed under various types of FCC conditions, a variety of compositions with unexpected compositional features and/or unexpected properties can be formed. The unexpected compositional features and/or unexpected properties can correspond to features and/or properties associated with one or more of the total effluent, a naphtha boiling range portion of effluent, a distillate or light cycle oil boiling range portion of the effluent, and/or a bottoms portion of the effluent.

The invention provides a method for enriching diluents with butane so as not to violate pre-defined limits for liquid hydrocarbon fuels with respect to density, volatility and low density hydrocarbon content.

A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil, the process involving: mixing a quantity of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil with a quantity of Activating Gas mixture to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture from the feedstock mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil liquid components of the Process Mixture from the gaseous components and by-product hydrocarbon components of the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil is compliant with ISO 8217 for residual marine fuel oils and has a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 % wt. to 0.5 % wt.. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil can be used as or as a blending stock for an ISO 8217 compliant, IMO MARPOL Annex VI (revised) compliant low sulfur or ultralow sulfur heavy marine fuel oil. A device for conducting the process is also disclosed.

A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil, the process involving: mixing a quantity of the Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil with a quantity of Activating Gas mixture to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture from the feedstock mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil liquid components of the Process Mixture from the gaseous components and by-product hydrocarbon components of the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil is compliant with ISO 8217 for residual marine fuel oils and has a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 % wt. to 0.5 % wt.. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil can be used as or as a blending stock for an ISO 8217 compliant, IMO MARPOL Annex VI (revised) compliant low sulfur or ultralow sulfur heavy marine fuel oil. A device for conducting the process is also disclosed.

An integrated production plant system includes, at one production site at least two plants of different kinds selected from a renewable paraffinic fuel plant to produce renewable paraffinic fuel in a renewable paraffinic fuel process, a renewable fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE) fuel plant to produce renewable FAAE fuel in a renewable FAAE process, a renewable base oil plant to produce renewable base oil in a renewable base oil process, and a renewable chemical plant to produce renewable chemical in a renewable chemical process. Each of the processes is provided with a respective renewable feed, where the feed of each of the processes originates from a common renewable system feed, and the feed to at least one of the processes is altered for example by directing at least part of the feed of at least one of the processes to another of the processes.

An integrated production plant system includes, at one production site at least two plants of different kinds selected from a renewable paraffinic fuel plant to produce renewable paraffinic fuel in a renewable paraffinic fuel process, a renewable fatty acid alkyl ester (FAAE) fuel plant to produce renewable FAAE fuel in a renewable FAAE process, a renewable base oil plant to produce renewable base oil in a renewable base oil process, and a renewable chemical plant to produce renewable chemical in a renewable chemical process. Each of the processes is provided with a respective renewable feed, where the feed of each of the processes originates from a common renewable system feed, and the feed to at least one of the processes is altered for example by directing at least part of the feed of at least one of the processes to another of the processes.

A multipurpose fuel composition is disclosed which contains a petroleum derived jet fuel component and a renewable jet fuel component, wherein the multipurpose fuel composition has a freezing point of −40° C. or below, and an exemplary cetane number more than 40, preferably more than 45, more preferably more than 50.

Copper sulfide of the formula Cu.sub.xS.sub.y, wherein x and y are integer or non-integer values, wherein (i) the copper sulfide has a sulfur 2p XPS spectrum with peaks at 162.3 eV (±1 ev), 163.8 eV (±1 ev) and 68.5 eV (±1 ev), characterised in that the peak at 168.5 eV has a lower value of counts per second (CPS) than both the peak at 162.3 eV and the peak at 163.8 eV; and (ii) the copper sulfide has a copper 2p XPS spectrum with peaks at 932.0 eV (±2 ev) and 933.6 eV (±3 eV) and characterised in that the XPS spectrum does not comprise identifiable satellite peaks at 939.8 eV and 943.1 eV (±3 eV).

Copper sulfide of the formula Cu.sub.xS.sub.y, wherein x and y are integer or non-integer values, wherein (i) the copper sulfide has a sulfur 2p XPS spectrum with peaks at 162.3 eV (±1 ev), 163.8 eV (±1 ev) and 68.5 eV (±1 ev), characterised in that the peak at 168.5 eV has a lower value of counts per second (CPS) than both the peak at 162.3 eV and the peak at 163.8 eV; and (ii) the copper sulfide has a copper 2p XPS spectrum with peaks at 932.0 eV (±2 ev) and 933.6 eV (±3 eV) and characterised in that the XPS spectrum does not comprise identifiable satellite peaks at 939.8 eV and 943.1 eV (±3 eV).

A fuel production plant includes an electrolysis apparatus; an ethanol generation apparatus that decomposes sugars to generate ethanol and carbon dioxide; and a hydrocarbon generation apparatus that generates hydrocarbons by reacting carbon dioxide with hydrogen. The fuel production plant further includes a hydrogen supply part that supplies hydrogen generated in the electrolysis apparatus to the hydrocarbon generation apparatus by coupling the electrolysis apparatus to the hydrocarbon generation apparatus, an oxygen supply part that supplies oxygen generated in the electrolysis apparatus to the ethanol generation apparatus by coupling the electrolysis apparatus to the ethanol generation apparatus, and a carbon dioxide supply part that supplies carbon dioxide generated in the ethanol generation apparatus to the hydrocarbon generation apparatus by coupling the ethanol generation apparatus to the hydrocarbon generation apparatus.