Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.

A method for providing a fuel includes removing hydrogen sulfide and/or carbon dioxide from biogas to provide partially purified biogas, which is filled in a mobile storage system. The partially purified biogas is transported to a centralized processing facility, in the mobile storage system, by truck, rail, or ship. At the centralized processing the partially purified biogas is further processed, either to produce a fuel that is renewable or has renewable content, or to produce renewable natural gas, which is used to produce the fuel that is renewable or has renewable content.

A method for providing a fuel includes providing biogas from a plurality of biogas sources, the biogas from each biogas source produced in a process comprising filling a vessel with raw biogas or partially purified biogas to a pressure of at least 1500 psig and transporting the filled vessel to a centralized processing facility by vehicle. A fuel is produced in a fuel production process that includes feeding the biogas transported to the centralized processing facility to a biogas upgrading system that is configured to provide a carbon dioxide removed from the biogas. The removed carbon dioxide is provided for transport by vehicle and/or pipeline and/or sequestered to offset greenhouse gas emissions attributed to compressing the biogas for transport.

The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods utilizing regenerative agriculture for the procurement, production, refinement and/or transformation of low carbon intensity transportation fuels, including low carbon intensity biodiesel and/or renewable diesel, low carbon intensity biogasoline, low carbon intensity aviation, marine and kerosene fuels as well as fuel oil blends, low carbon intensity ethanol, and low carbon intensity hydrogen, that may be beneficially commercialized directly to consumers. In further aspects, the systems and methods of the present disclosure advantageously generate low carbon intensity comestibles, including sustainably-sourced meal and/or feed. The disclosed systems and methods may be utilized and optimized such that the resulting fuels and foodstuffs are characterized by a reduction in greenhouse gas production and a diminution in the fertilizer, pesticide and water required for producing the associated crop feedstocks.

Methods and systems for extracting natural gas are described herein. The source of the natural gas may be a reservoir of natural gas or natural gas and crude oil found on land or in a subterranean or subsea environment. The natural gas also may be that extracted from a subsea reservoir of naturally formed clathrate hydrate. The methods may be performed on land, at the sea surface or at the seafloor. The methods feature providing a suitable promoter to facilitate selective formation of a structure II (sII) methane clathrate hydrate to thereby store natural gas in a readily transportable form. The methods may also feature separating both natural gas and associated water involved in producing it from impurities.

Copolymers comprising C.sub.14 to C.sub.50 olefins and at least two different olefindicarboxylic esters and optionally maleic acid or maleic acid derivatives. The olefindicarboxylic esters are firstly esters with linear C.sub.18- to C.sub.50-alkyl groups and secondly esters with short-chain linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, or esters with aromatic groups. The invention further relates to a process for preparing copolymers of this kind and to the use thereof as pour point depressant for crude oil, mineral oil and/or mineral oil products, preferably as pour point depressant for crude oil.

The invention relates to inorganic and polymeric reagents and namely to pipeline transfer of petroleum and petroleum products. The method of production of a reagent for reduction of hydrodynamic resistance of liquid hydrocarbon flow in pipelines includes polymerization of C6-C14 alpha-olefins over catalyst and catalyst activator. Polymerization of C6-C14 alpha-olefins is conducted in the monomer medium with addition from 0.1 to 5 w/w of a saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon of C8-C32 composition and a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon of C6-C18 composition subject to conversion of monomers from 96.0 to 99.5 w/w, using microspheric titanium trichloride as a catalyst, and a mixture of diethylaluminum chloride and triisobutylaluminum with weight ratio from 1:10 to 10:1 as a catalyst activator. Then a polymer with molecular weight more than 10.sup.7 atomic mass unit with narrow molecular weight distribution not more than 1.5 with the set ratio of components is produced. Then the polymer is being ground.

According to embodiments disclosed herein, a method of reducing corrosion during petroleum transportation, petroleum storage, or both, may comprise inputting a corrosion inhibitor formulation into a petroleum pipeline, a petroleum storage tank, or both, wherein the corrosion inhibitor formulation consists essentially of solvent and a pyridinium hydroxyl alkyl ether compound.

Copolymers comprising C.sub.14 to C.sub.50 olefins and at least two different olefindicarboxylic esters and optionally maleic acid or maleic acid derivatives. The olefindicarboxylic esters are firstly esters with linear C.sub.18- to C.sub.50-alkyl groups and secondly esters with short-chain linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, or esters with aromatic groups. The invention further relates to a process for preparing copolymers of this kind and to the use thereof as pour point depressant for crude oil, mineral oil and/or mineral oil products, preferably as pour point depressant for crude oil.

The invention relates to inorganic and polymeric reagents and namely to pipeline transfer of petroleum and petroleum products. The method of production of a reagent for reduction of hydrodynamic resistance of liquid hydrocarbon flow in pipelines includes polymerization of C6-C14 alpha-olefins over catalyst and catalyst activator. Polymerization of C6-C14 alpha-olefins is conducted in the monomer medium with addition from 0.1 to 5 w/w of a saturated alicyclic hydrocarbon of C8-C32 composition and a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon of C6-C18 composition subject to conversion of monomers from 96.0 to 99.5 w/w, using microspheric titanium trichloride as a catalyst, and a mixture of diethylaluminum chloride and triisobutylaluminum with weight ratio from 1:10 to 10:1 as a catalyst activator. Then a polymer with molecular weight more than 10.sup.7 atomic mass unit with narrow molecular weight distribution not more than 1.5 with the set ratio of components is produced. Then the polymer is being ground.