This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt%, 80 wt%, 90 wt%, 95 wt%, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

This invention is related to an additive composition comprising metal-based quantum clusters (QCs) dispersed in a hydrocarbon medium. The additive composition is useful as a fuel additive, as it acts as a combustion improver for liquid and gaseous fuels. The invention describes a process for the synthesis of the additive composition comprising metal-based materials in atomic cluster form in hydrocarbon dispersible medium. The stable liquid dispersion of the QC has been doped into the hydrocarbon fuels at required concentrations. The measurable flame temperature of the fuels, e.g., commercial LPG on burner has been observed to increase by at least 60-80° C. The flame with high heat through put can be used for efficient cooking, heating, annealing and other high thermal applications. The additive composition may also be used to improve the fuel economy of the liquid hydrocarbon fuels.

The present invention relates to the extraction of gasoline from a gas G, with (a) a step of extracting gasoline from the gas to be treated comprising methanol GM obtained from step (d), (b) a step of separating said fluid GL1 partially condensed in step (a), producing a first aqueous liquid phase A1, a first liquid phase H1 of hydrocarbon(s) a gaseous phase G1 obtained from the gas G; (c) a step of contacting a portion of the gas G to be treated with said first aqueous liquid phase A1, producing a second aqueous liquid phase A2, a gaseous phase of gas to be treated comprising methanol GM′; (d) a step of mixing said gaseous phase of gas to be treated comprising methanol GM′ with the remainder of the gas G to be treated, producing a gas to be treated comprising methanol GM, (e) a step of stabilizing said first liquid phase H1 of hydrocarbon(s).

A process of making a fuel product from a non-combustible high protein organic material such as a biological by-product or waste material. The moisture content of the high protein organic material is mechanically reduced and dried to reduce the moisture content to less than ten percent (10%). The high protein organic material is pulverized to a particle size of less than about 2 mm. The high protein organic waste material is fed into a combustion chamber and separated during combustion such as by spraying high protein organic waste material within the combustion chamber. Temperature and combustion reactions within the combustion chamber are controlled by controlling the moisture in the combustion atmosphere and energy injections at or downstream of the combustion chamber. The concentration of protein thermal decomposition by-products, temperature, and residence time and/or additions of energy plasma within the combustion chamber environment are controlled to degrade hazardous polyfluoro compounds.

A fluidized bed reactor for biomass treatment comprising a vessel extending in a first direction from a first end to a second end, an inlet at the first end of the vessel for feeding biomass particles into the vessel, an outlet at the second end of the vessel for outputting processed biomass, a first fluid inlet independently activatable to deliver a first volume of a gas in a second direction into a first region of the vessel, and a second fluid inlet spaced apart from the first fluid inlet in the first direction and independently activatable to deliver a second volume of the gas in the second direction into a second region of the vessel, the second region adjacent the first region.

A method, a system, and an apparatus of certain embodiments are provided to recover water and carbon dioxide from combustion emissions. The recovery includes, among other things, electrolysis and carbon dioxide capture in a suitable solvent. The recovered water and carbon dioxide are subject to reaction, such as a catalytic methanation reaction, to generate at least methane.

Systems and methods associated with biomass decomposition are generally described. Certain embodiments are related to adjusting a flow rate of a fluid comprising oxygen into a reactor in which biomass is decomposed. The adjustment may be made, at least in part, based upon a measurement of a characteristic of the reactor and/or a characteristic of the biomass. Certain embodiments are related to cooling at least partially decomposed biomass. The biomass may be cooled by flowing a gas over an outlet conduit in which the biomass is cooled, and then directing the gas to a reactor after it has flowed over the outlet conduit. Certain embodiments are related to systems comprising a reactor and an outlet conduit configured such that greater than or equal to 75% of its axially projected cross-sectional area is occupied by a conveyor. Certain embodiments are related to systems comprising a reactor comprising an elongated compartment having a longitudinal axis arranged substantially vertically and an outlet conduit comprising a conveyor.

A system and method for a multi-chamber biomass reactor that includes: a reaction chamber, comprising the primary chamber for biomass processing; an outlet chamber, adjacent and connected to the reaction chamber; a biomass inlet, comprising a region for the input of biomass into the biomass reactor; a conveyor system, comprising components that actuate the biomass, and other components, through the biomass reactor from the biomass inlet through the reaction chamber, and through the outlet chamber; and a gas exchange system, that controls gas flow within the biomass reactor, comprising: at least one air vent; and an exhaust. The system functions to process biomass, whereby the system converts input biomass into energy rich products, such as coal, char, bio-fuel, fertilizer, briquettes, electricity. The system and method may further include a variable incline module, comprising actuating components that can alter the incline and/or height of the biomass reactor and/or biomass reactor components.

A process and system for separating bio-gasoline, bio-diesel and bio-fuel oil fractions from a bio-oil, and for producing a renewable gasoline including at least in part the bio-gasoline fraction, is provided. The process comprises separating bio-oil into a bio-gasoline fraction and a heavy fraction based on their boiling points. At least a portion of the bio-gasoline fraction is directly blended with a petroleum-derived gasoline, without any prior hydrotreatment, to thereby provide a renewable gasoline composition.

A method to create a natural charcoal briquette is described herein. A wood material is collected and impurities are removed from the wood material. The wood material is dried at a temperature in a range of approximately 150° C. to approximately 200° C. to reach a moisture level in a range of approximately 3.7% to approximately 5.0%. The dried wood material is compressed in a shaped mold at approximately 300° C. and under 40 tons of pressure to form a charcoal briquette. The charcoal briquette is carbonized at a temperature in a range of approximately 700° C. to approximately 800° C. in a range of approximately 14 days to approximately 17 days. The charcoal briquette is then cooled for approximately 2 days prior to use or packaging.