A process for producing a modified coal from a coal of low-rank as a raw material includes dehydrating the coal, adding water to the dehydrated coal, agglomerating the water-added coal, and gradually oxidizing the agglomerated coal. In the water addition, an added amount of the water is regulated so that the water-added coal has a water content of 5% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less. In the oxidation, the agglomerated coal is held in an air at a temperature of 70? C. or more and 105? C. or less.

A method for producing modified coal using coal of a low grade comprising: adding water for preventing any dust generation to the dewatered coal; an addition amount of the water is adjusted for a water content rate of the water-added coal to be 6% by mass or more to 16% by mass or less; agglomerating the water-added coal; slowly oxidizing the agglomerated coal; and crushing the oxidized coal.

Disclosed is a method for recycling a coal liquefaction residue. The method includes S1, drying a coal liquefaction residue and pulverizing to obtain a pulverized coal liquefaction residue; S2, subjecting the pulverized coal liquefaction residue to a solvothermal extraction in an autoclave to obtain an extract liquid and a residue; S3, distilling the extract liquid and recovering an organic solvent to obtain a solid extract.

The present invention provides a solid addition-type diesel environmental protection anti-smoke additive and a method for preparing the same. The additive includes a solvent, vinyl ferrocene, and vinyl acetate. The method includes the following steps: under the condition that nitrogen is introduced to completely replace air, adding to a high-pressure reactor the solvent, vinyl ferrocene, vinyl acetate, and a free radical initiator; starting stirring to introduce a high-pressure vinyl monomer; polymerizing and synthesizing a free radical into a crude product of a diesel anti-smoke oxidant; under the condition of the constant temperature of a system, completing reaction when a pressure is not changed for 60 min; cooling down a reaction product to a room temperature and releasing the pressure to an atmospheric pressure to obtain the crude product; and performing atmospheric distillation for the crude product to remove a petroleum ether and an unreacted raw material from the crude product.

A fire-starting material is disclosed. The fire-starting material may include metal powder, fibers, oxidizers, other powdered fuels, and a binder. The binder may be a hydrocarbon or a combination of hydrocarbons made up of molecules with about 10 to about 80 carbon atoms. The binder may hold the metal powder and the fibers in suspension. Additionally, the binder (and hence the fire-starting material overall) may be manually pliable between about 5 and about 50 degrees Celsius. To use the fire-starting material, a user may manually deform the fire-starting material to tear off a piece thereof. The piece may be applied to a fuel source and lit on fire.

A method to create a natural charcoal briquette is described herein. A wood material or other biomass is collected and impurities are removed from the wood material. The wood material/biomass is dried at a temperature in a range of approximately 150 C. to approximately 200 C. to reach a moisture level in a range of approximately 3.7% to approximately 5.0%. The dried wood material/biomass is compressed in a shaped mold at approximately 300 C. and under 40 tons of pressure to form a charcoal briquette. The charcoal briquette is carbonized at a temperature in a range of approximately 700 C. to approximately 800 C. in a range of approximately 14 days to approximately 17 days. The charcoal briquette is then cooled for approximately 2 days prior to use or packaging. The resulting briquette is all natural having no glues, chemicals, or binders. The charcoal briquette has a uniform density of at least 1.2 g/cm.sup.3 and has a burn time of at least 4 hours.

A fire starter device and method for producing the same capable of igniting a fire sustaining fuel source in adverse conditions typically associated with wilderness survival or emergency situations. A wick element facilitates ignition of the fire starter and extends through a generally cubical outer shell into a solid fuel inner core. The wick element can include one or more wicks associated with a wax, each wick including multiple strands of one or more wicking materials. The outer shell provides a hard, non-greasy external surface for the fire starter and substantially encapsulates the solid fuel inner core. The solid fuel inner core includes a fibrous material associated with a wax and can provide fuel to the flame of the fire starter.

Provided is a method of economically modifying low rank coal (LRC) to be high grade coal having minimized water re-absorption and minimized spontaneous ignition possibility while saving energy by coating heavy oil directly on coal without using solvent oil. Provides is a method of modifying coal using palm oil residue, including milling the coal, homogenously mixing the palm oil residue with the milled coal, melting the palm oil residue mixed with the coal so as to be coated on a surface of the coal, and simultaneously drying moisture in the coal, cooling the dried coal, and briquetting the cooled coal.

A biofuel pellet and an apparatus for making the pellet are provided. The biofuel pellet includes a first region of high density and a second region of low density. The higher density region burns more slowly than the low density region and helps to suspend the pellet for longer and more complete combustion.

A method for storing upgraded coal, which is economical and whereby it becomes possible to prevent the spontaneous ignition of piles; and grain-size-controlled coal which rarely undergoes spontaneous ignition during storage. The method for storing upgraded coal includes piling up granular coal containing upgraded coal, wherein the content of grains each having a grain size of 10 mm or less in the coal is 50 mass % or more. It is preferred that the content of grains each having a grain size of 1 mm or less is 25 mass % or more and the content of grains each having a grain size of 0.15 mm or less is 7 mass % or more in the coal.