A process for surface treatment of metal substrates, including the steps of: providing a metal substrate including hydroxyl groups at its surface; bringing the metal substrate into contact with a solution of at least one organophosphorus compound to enable the reaction of the hydroxyl groups at the surface of the metal substrate with the organophosphorus compound to form a monomolecular layer over the surface and a second layer of physisorbed organophosphorus molecules at least preponderantly crystallized, the obtained treated substrate being coated with the organophosphorus compound in the form of a first monomolecular layer coating at least 15% of the surface of the substrate and in the form of a physisorbed second layer at least preponderantly crystallized. A treated metal substrate which may be obtained by the process thereof, corresponding solution and its use for treating metallic substrates to improve their tribological properties during their shaping, in particular their stamping.

A process for surface treatment of metal substrates, including the steps of: providing a metal substrate including hydroxyl groups at its surface; bringing the metal substrate into contact with a solution of at least one organophosphorus compound to enable the reaction of the hydroxyl groups at the surface of the metal substrate with the organophosphorus compound to form a monomolecular layer over the surface and a second layer of physisorbed organophosphorus molecules at least preponderantly crystallized, the obtained treated substrate being coated with the organophosphorus compound in the form of a first monomolecular layer coating at least 15% of the surface of the substrate and in the form of a physisorbed second layer at least preponderantly crystallized. A treated metal substrate which may be obtained by the process thereof, corresponding solution and its use for treating metallic substrates to improve their tribological properties during their shaping, in particular their stamping.

Provided is a solid lubricant that is non-black in color and capable of reducing industrial waste (environmental conservation), and further capable of achieving a balance among excellent lubricity, moisture absorption resistance, and corrosion resistance in a heavy working region, and a lubricating coating agent including the solid lubricant.

A solid lubricant including carrier particles including a lipophilic lubricating component that is at least one of an oil, an extreme-pressure agent, a soap, and a wax between particles of and/or between layers of at least one layered clay mineral selected from the group consisting of natural products and synthetic products of a smectite group, a vermiculite group, a mica group, a brittle mica group, a pyrophyllite group, and a kaolinite group.

Provided is a solid lubricant that is non-black in color and capable of reducing industrial waste (environmental conservation), and further capable of achieving a balance among excellent lubricity, moisture absorption resistance, and corrosion resistance in a heavy working region, and a lubricating coating agent including the solid lubricant.

A solid lubricant including carrier particles including a lipophilic lubricating component that is at least one of an oil, an extreme-pressure agent, a soap, and a wax between particles of and/or between layers of at least one layered clay mineral selected from the group consisting of natural products and synthetic products of a smectite group, a vermiculite group, a mica group, a brittle mica group, a pyrophyllite group, and a kaolinite group.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently H or ##STR00002##
wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is ##STR00003##
of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently H or ##STR00002##
wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is ##STR00003##
of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

A low transition temperature mixture (LTTM) or deep eutectic solvent (DES) useful as a lubricating oil base stock and lubricating oil including a eutectic mixture of at least a first component and at least a second component. The at least first component comprises a hydrogen bond acceptor and the at least second component comprises a hydrogen bond donor. The eutectic mixture includes an equilibrium phase between the at least first component and the at least second component. The equilibrium phase does not exhibit physical characteristics of the at least first component in an unmixed state and the at least second component in an unmixed state. The at least first component and the at least second component form an intermolecular interaction between each other sufficient to prevent crystallization of the at least first component and the at least second component in the eutectic mixture. The eutectic mixture is a liquid at 20 C.

A low transition temperature mixture (LTTM) or deep eutectic solvent (DES) useful as a lubricating oil base stock and lubricating oil including a eutectic mixture of at least a first component and at least a second component. The at least first component comprises a hydrogen bond acceptor and the at least second component comprises a hydrogen bond donor. The eutectic mixture includes an equilibrium phase between the at least first component and the at least second component. The equilibrium phase does not exhibit physical characteristics of the at least first component in an unmixed state and the at least second component in an unmixed state. The at least first component and the at least second component form an intermolecular interaction between each other sufficient to prevent crystallization of the at least first component and the at least second component in the eutectic mixture. The eutectic mixture is a liquid at 20 C.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently H

##STR00002##

wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is

##STR00003##

of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

The present invention describes the use of amine molecules (N) and phosphonic compounds (P) for coating surfaces intended to be used in the field of horology. Since these two types of compounds are alkaline and acid in nature, they form pairs of ions that interact with all types of surfaces, whether these are composed of mineral materials such as glass, metal, non-oxidized materials (inter alia gold, rhodium and their alloys), or also polymeric materials. Taking advantage of the surprising complementary nature of these two types of compounds, the present inventors propose a composition and a coating process that enable functionalization layers to be formed on any type of material, in particular those used in clock mechanisms.