The invention is directed to a method for reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited direct injection internal combustion engine by supplying to the sump a lubricant composition which contains an oil of lubricating viscosity and a metal overbased detergent. The metal overbased detergent may be selected from sulfonate detergents, phenate detergents, and salicylate detergents, especially sulfonate detergents with a metal ratio of at least 5.

The present invention provides a water-soluble metalworking oil composition, including: 5.0 to 20.0 mass % of a sulfur compound (A) that is one or more kinds selected from the group consisting of a sulfurized fat and oil and a sulfurized ester and has a kinematic viscosity of 10 to 800 mm.sup.2/s at 40° C.; 0.5 to 20.0 mass % of the nonionic surfactant (B) having an HLB of 6 to 18; 7.0 to 30.0 mass % of an unsaturated fatty acid polymer (C); and an amine compound (D) selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amine and a secondary amine.

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I): (I) where in X is a linking group; Y is O, NH or NR.sup.1 wherein R.sup.1 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; Q.sup.+ is a moiety that includes a quaternary ammonium cation; A.sup.− is an anion; R.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R.sup.3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and n is 0 or a positive integer; provided that n is not 0 when R.sup.3 is hydrogen. ##STR00001##

A quaternary ammonium compound of formula (I): (I) wherein R.sup.0, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is each independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, X is a linking group, R.sup.4 is an optionally substituted alkylene group, R5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group, and n is 0 or a positive integer, provided that n is not 0 when R5 is hydrogen. ##STR00001##

A metalworking fluid includes a pH buffer system having one or more organic acids and one or more organic amines. The organic acids, which include aromatic carboxylic acids and C.sub.10 or higher aliphatic carboxylic acids, may replace boric acid, such that boric acid may be excluded from the metalworking fluid. The organic acids may include at least one of phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid. The one or more organic amines include aliphatic and aromatic amines having an amine value of at least 50 mg KOH/g. A method of using the metalworking fluid includes shaping a metal by contacting the metal surface with a tool while cooling and lubricating at least one of the metal surface or tool with the metalworking fluid.

The instant disclosure relates to hydrocarbyl- (e.g., alkyl-) benzene sulfonate detergents and their salts, where the hydrocarbyl group includes moieties equivalent to 5 to 10 carbon branched polyene compounds. Such compounds and their salts are useful as lubricant additives. The detergents disclosed herein may solve at least one problem of providing anti-wear performance, frictional performance, oxidation performance, viscosity performance, and detergency.

The present technology is related to imide containing quaternary ammonium salts having a hydrocarbyl substituent of number average molecular weight ranging from 300 to 750, and the use of such quaternary ammonium salts in fuel compositions to improve the water shedding performance of the fuel composition.

A quaternary ammonium compound of formula (I): wherein R.sup.0, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is each independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, X is a linking group, R.sup.4 is an optionally substituted alkylene group, R.sup.5 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group, and n is 0 or a positive integer, provided that n is not 0 when R.sup.5 is hydrogen.

##STR00001##

The invention is directed to a method for reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited direct injection internal combustion engine by supplying to the sump a lubricant composition which contains an oil of lubricating viscosity and a metal overbased detergent. The metal overbased detergent may be selected from sulfonate detergents, phenate detergents, and salicylate detergents, especially sulfonate detergents with a metal ratio of at least 5.

The present technology is related to amide or ester containing quaternary ammonium salts having a hydrocarbyl substituent of number average molecular weight ranging from 300 to 750, and the use of such quaternary ammonium salts in fuel compositions to improve the water shedding performance of the fuel composition.