The present invention relates to methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in recombinant cells such as yeast or plant cells. Also provided are recombinant cells or plants which produce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a group of new enzymes which possess desatorase or elongase activity that can be used in methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

One or more techniques are disclosed for a process of preparing stearic acid from animal and/or plant sources may comprise: 1) deodorizing and distilling a fat; 2) concentrating fatty acids of the fat; and 3) hydrogenating the fatty acid to provide stearic acid. The process may include the use of co-products from plant and/or animal sources. The process may also include distilling the stearic acid to provide palmitic acid and/or fully hydrogenated fatty acid. Tallow fatty acid, vegetable fatty acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid prepared from the process described are also disclosed.

One or more techniques are disclosed for a process of preparing stearic acid from animal and/or plant sources may comprise: 1) deodorizing and distilling a fat; 2) concentrating fatty acids of the fat; and 3) hydrogenating the fatty acid to provide stearic acid. The process may include the use of co-products from plant and/or animal sources. The process may also include distilling the stearic acid to provide palmitic acid and/or fully hydrogenated fatty acid. Tallow fatty acid, vegetable fatty acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid prepared from the process described are also disclosed.

The present invention relates to methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in recombinant cells such as yeast or plant cells. Also provided are recombinant cells or plants which produce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a group of new enzymes which possess desatorase or elongase activity that can be used in methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The present invention relates to methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, in recombinant cells such as yeast or plant cells. Also provided are recombinant cells or plants which produce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a group of new enzymes which possess desatorase or elongase activity that can be used in methods of synthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

A new method of producing fuel from biological oils and fats is provided, which comprises the following steps: (a) proceeding with a catalytic cracking-deoxygenation reaction for the biological oils and fats under heating in the presence of a cracking-deoxygenation catalyst; (b) mixing the product of step (a) with hydrogen gas; and (c) proceeding with a catalytic hydrodeoxygenation reaction for the mixture from step (b) under heating in the presence of a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst. By means of the method of the present invention, clean fuel produced by using biological oils and fats as raw materials is compatible with the fuel composition produced from crude oil refining.

A new method of producing fuel from biological oils and fats is provided, which comprises the following steps: (a) proceeding with a catalytic cracking-deoxygenation reaction for the biological oils and fats under heating in the presence of a cracking-deoxygenation catalyst; (b) mixing the product of step (a) with hydrogen gas; and (c) proceeding with a catalytic hydrodeoxygenation reaction for the mixture from step (b) under heating in the presence of a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst. By means of the method of the present invention, clean fuel produced by using biological oils and fats as raw materials is compatible with the fuel composition produced from crude oil refining.

A process for providing hydrogenated oils and/or fats involves providing a fat fraction and/or oil fraction having a phosphorus content of more than 3.0 mg/kg and/or a total metal content of more than 5.0 mg/kg. The fat fraction and/or oil fraction is washed with an organic acid and optionally a demulsifier by stirring to form a heterogeneous mixture. The mixture is centrifugally separated to form a high-water and low-oil and/or -fat phase and a low-water and high-oil and/or -fat phase having a phosphorus content of less than 3.0 mg/kg and a total metal content of less than 5.0 mg/kg. The low-water and high-oil and/or -fat phase is dried. The dried high-oil and/or -fat phase is catalytically hydrogenated. The proportion of water metered in during the performance of the process is less than 5% by weight, based on the weight of the fat fraction and/or oil fraction.

A process for providing hydrogenated oils and/or fats involves providing a fat fraction and/or oil fraction having a phosphorus content of more than 3.0 mg/kg and/or a total metal content of more than 5.0 mg/kg. The fat fraction and/or oil fraction is washed with an organic acid and optionally a demulsifier by stirring to form a heterogeneous mixture. The mixture is centrifugally separated to form a high-water and low-oil and/or -fat phase and a low-water and high-oil and/or -fat phase having a phosphorus content of less than 3.0 mg/kg and a total metal content of less than 5.0 mg/kg. The low-water and high-oil and/or -fat phase is dried. The dried high-oil and/or -fat phase is catalytically hydrogenated. The proportion of water metered in during the performance of the process is less than 5% by weight, based on the weight of the fat fraction and/or oil fraction.

A method for producing renewable diesel includes introducing a primary feedstock comprising biologically-derived triglycerides with catalyst poisons into a first reaction chamber and hydrolyzing the primary feedstock within the first reaction and liquid-liquid extraction chamber for at least an hour such that the reacted triglycerides are separated into an aqueous solution comprising glycerol and catalyst poisons, and an intermediate feedstock comprising free fatty acids and catalyst poisons. The method also includes distilling the intermediate feedstock to separate the intermediate feedstock into a purified intermediate stream and a lower volume bottom stream containing unreacted triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, FFA and catalyst poisons. The method also includes combining the purified intermediate feedstock with a hydrogen stream and converting, in a second reaction chamber comprising a metallic catalyst bed, the purified intermediate feedstock into a product comprising long-chain alkanes. The method also includes hydrotreating the purified intermediate feedstock into a renewable diesel product.