The invention relates to biosensors. More particularly, this invention relates to an electrochemical biosensor and to electrochemically active enzymes or variants thereof that are suitable for detection of one or more target molecules in a sample.

The invention relates to biosensors. More particularly, this invention relates to an electrochemical biosensor and to electrochemically active enzymes or variants thereof that are suitable for detection of one or more target molecules in a sample.

This disclosure relates to methods of measuring copper concentrations in biological samples. More particularly, this disclosure relates to methods of measuring non-ceruloplasmin-bound copper concentrations and/or labile-bound copper concentrations in biological samples. Such methods are particularly useful in management and treatment of metabolism-associated diseases or disorders.

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for reducing the risk and severity of C. difficile infection. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that a restricted fraction of the gut microbiota, including the bacterium Clostridium scindens, contributes substantially to resistance against C. difficile infection. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that this is achieved through the biosynthesis of secondary bile acids.

The present invention relates to methods and compositions for reducing the risk and severity of C. difficile infection. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that a restricted fraction of the gut microbiota, including the bacterium Clostridium scindens, contributes substantially to resistance against C. difficile infection. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that this is achieved through the biosynthesis of secondary bile acids.

Microbes expressing cholesterol oxidoreductase (COR) proteins, methods of engineering the microbes expressing COR proteins, compositions and methods of using the microbes are provided.

Microbes expressing cholesterol oxidoreductase (COR) proteins, methods of engineering the microbes expressing COR proteins, compositions and methods of using the microbes are provided.

Devices, systems, and methods are used for personalized monitoring of changes in metabolism as a function of external parameters such as food or physical exercise. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to electrochemical strips for detecting the amount of biomarker for fat metabolism, in particular, glycerol.

Devices, systems, and methods are used for personalized monitoring of changes in metabolism as a function of external parameters such as food or physical exercise. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to electrochemical strips for detecting the amount of biomarker for fat metabolism, in particular, glycerol.

Provided is a compound having the structure: (SIG)-(SI-MOD).sub.m
where SIG is a signaling molecule, SI is a self-immolative structure bound to SIG such that SIG has a reduced signal relative to the signal of SIG without SI, MOD is a moiety bound to SI that is subject to modification by an activator, and m is an integer from 1 to about 10. When MOD is modified by an activator, SI is destabilized and self-cleaved from SIG such that SIG generates an increased signal. Also provided are methods of determining whether a sample, such as a cell, comprises an activator, such as a nitroreducase, using the compound. Further provided are methods of determining whether a mammalian cell is hypoxic using the compound where nitroreductase is the activator. A method of detecting a microorganism that comprises a nitroreductase using the compound where nitroreductase is the activator is also provided.