A method of analyzing a molecule is disclosed. A lipid bilayer is formed such that it divides a first reservoir characterized by a first reservoir osmolarity from a second reservoir characterized by a second reservoir osmolarity. An electrolyte solution is flowed to the first reservoir that tends to make a first change to a ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity. A voltage is applied across the lipid bilayer, wherein the lipid bilayer is inserted with a nanopore, and wherein a net transfer of ions between the first reservoir and the second reservoir tends to make a second change to the ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity, and wherein the first change to the ratio and the second change to the ratio tends to counter-balance each other.

A method of analyzing a molecule is disclosed. A lipid bilayer is formed such that it divides a first reservoir characterized by a first reservoir osmolarity from a second reservoir characterized by a second reservoir osmolarity. An electrolyte solution is flowed to the first reservoir that tends to make a first change to a ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity. A voltage is applied across the lipid bilayer, wherein the lipid bilayer is inserted with a nanopore, and wherein a net transfer of ions between the first reservoir and the second reservoir tends to make a second change to the ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity, and wherein the first change to the ratio and the second change to the ratio tends to counter-balance each other.

A method of analyzing a molecule is disclosed. A lipid bilayer is formed such that it divides a first reservoir characterized by a first reservoir osmolarity from a second reservoir characterized by a second reservoir osmolarity. An electrolyte solution is flowed to the first reservoir that tends to make a first change to a ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity. A voltage is applied across the lipid bilayer, wherein the lipid bilayer is inserted with a nanopore, and wherein a net transfer of ions between the first reservoir and the second reservoir tends to make a second change to the ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity, and wherein the first change to the ratio and the second change to the ratio tends to counter-balance each other.

The present invention discloses a convective PCR apparatus by using a transparent conductive thin film to replace the traditional metal heater. The PCR reaction is activated when the container with reagents contacted the heated transparent conductive thin film and the temperature inside the container raised to initiate the convective circulation. Also, the present invention could apply for a quantitative PCR reaction by adding a specific probe, fluorescent dye, light source, or photon receiver.

Various method of isolating a modified polynucleotide having the formula A-P-B from a crude mixture of modified polynucleotides also including those having the formulae A-P-A and B-P-B, wherein P is a polynucleotide region and A and B are different modifying moieties or nucleotide sequences are provided. The methods include the steps of (a) reacting the crude mixture concurrently or consecutively with beads of one type capable of binding to moiety A but not B, and beads of a second type capable of binding to moiety B but not A; (b) fractionating the intermediate product based on the properties of each type of bead and of pairs of different types of bead conjoined by A-P-B polynucleotides, such that only or predominantly conjoined pairs of the two different types of bead are retained and (c) optionally, releasing one or both beads from such conjoined pairs such that the polynucleotide may be recovered.

Various method of isolating a modified polynucleotide having the formula A-P-B from a crude mixture of modified polynucleotides also including those having the formulae A-P-A and B-P-B, wherein P is a polynucleotide region and A and B are different modifying moieties or nucleotide sequences are provided. The methods include the steps of (a) reacting the crude mixture concurrently or consecutively with beads of one type capable of binding to moiety A but not B, and beads of a second type capable of binding to moiety B but not A; (b) fractionating the intermediate product based on the properties of each type of bead and of pairs of different types of bead conjoined by A-P-B polynucleotides, such that only or predominantly conjoined pairs of the two different types of bead are retained and (c) optionally, releasing one or both beads from such conjoined pairs such that the polynucleotide may be recovered.

The disclosure provides methods of characterizing a sample of oligonucleotides of interest using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

The disclosure provides methods of characterizing a sample of oligonucleotides of interest using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Provided herein are systems, devices, and methods for generating thermal gradients in channels and uses thereof. In particular, provided herein are system, methods, and devices employing first and second thermal layers positioned around a channel in order to create a thermal gradient across a cross-section of the channel having, for example, a nucleic acid denaturation zone, a nucleic acid annealing zone, and a nucleic acid polymerization zone. Such devices find use in, for example, nucleic acid amplification procedures, including digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) to temperature cycle droplets for amplification of nucleic acid templates within the droplets.

Provided herein are systems, devices, and methods for generating thermal gradients in channels and uses thereof. In particular, provided herein are system, methods, and devices employing first and second thermal layers positioned around a channel in order to create a thermal gradient across a cross-section of the channel having, for example, a nucleic acid denaturation zone, a nucleic acid annealing zone, and a nucleic acid polymerization zone. Such devices find use in, for example, nucleic acid amplification procedures, including digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) to temperature cycle droplets for amplification of nucleic acid templates within the droplets.