Present invention is related to a metallic particle-deposition substrate having a metal substrate and multiple metallic particles attached thereon. The metallic particles are nano-particles with at least 90% of these nano-particles as single layer being evenly dispersed on the metal substrate. Each of the metallic particle is isolated without toughing or overlapping. The metal substrate has different material than the metallic particles in each preferred embodiment in the present invention. More preferably, at least 80% of the metallic particles have the distance between each metallic particle is at a range of 2-6 nm for better generation of hotspot effects. The present invention provides a fast production method for producing the substrate with heterogeneous interface. The metallic particles are evenly attached to the surface of the metal substrate to obtain better surface enhanced Raman effect as to apply for sensors in all kinds of field.

Present invention is related to a metallic particle-deposition substrate having a metal substrate and multiple metallic particles attached thereon. The metallic particles are nano-particles with at least 90% of these nano-particles as single layer being evenly dispersed on the metal substrate. Each of the metallic particle is isolated without toughing or overlapping. The metal substrate has different material than the metallic particles in each preferred embodiment in the present invention. More preferably, at least 80% of the metallic particles have the distance between each metallic particle is at a range of 2-6 nm for better generation of hotspot effects. The present invention provides a fast production method for producing the substrate with heterogeneous interface. The metallic particles are evenly attached to the surface of the metal substrate to obtain better surface enhanced Raman effect as to apply for sensors in all kinds of field.

A hot-rolled steel sheet has a predetermined chemical composition in which a microstructure includes 99% or more of martensite by volume fraction and a remainder in microstructure including residual austenite and ferrite, in a cross section parallel to a rolling direction, an average aspect ratio of prior austenite grains is less than 3.0, a proportion of sulfides having an aspect ratio of more than 3.0 among sulfides having an area of 1.0 μm.sup.2 or more is 1.0% or, less, in a thickness middle portion, and a pole density of {211} <011> orientation is 3.0 or less, and a tensile strength TS is 980 MPa or higher.

A hot-rolled steel sheet has a predetermined chemical composition in which a microstructure includes 99% or more of martensite by volume fraction and a remainder in microstructure including residual austenite and ferrite, in a cross section parallel to a rolling direction, an average aspect ratio of prior austenite grains is less than 3.0, a proportion of sulfides having an aspect ratio of more than 3.0 among sulfides having an area of 1.0 μm.sup.2 or more is 1.0% or, less, in a thickness middle portion, and a pole density of {211} <011> orientation is 3.0 or less, and a tensile strength TS is 980 MPa or higher.

Some implementations of the disclosure are directed to a method, comprising: receiving a sheet of graphite comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface; and perforating the sheet in a first plurality of locations from the first surface through the second surface to form a first plurality of perforations through the sheet and a first plurality of protrusions of the graphite oriented outward from the second surface, the first plurality of protrusions configured to conduct heat away from a plane of the sheet. Further implementations comprise perforating the sheet in a second plurality of locations from the second surface through the first surface to form a second plurality of perforations through the sheet and a second plurality of protrusions of graphite material oriented outward from the first surface, wherein the second plurality of protrusions are configured to conduct heat away from the plane of the sheet.

Provided is a high-strength steel sheet including: 0.12% to less than 0.17% of carbon (C), 0.3% to 0.8% of silicon (Si), 2.5% to 3.0% of manganese (Mn), 0.4% to 1.1% of chromium (Cr), 0.01% to 0.3% of aluminum (Al), 0.01% to 0.03% of niobium (Nb), 0.01% to 0.03% of titanium (Ti), 0.001% to 0.003% of boron (B), 0.04% or less of phosphorus (P), 0.01% or less of sulfur (S): 0.01% or less of nitrogen (N), and a balance of iron (Fe) and inevitable impurities. The contents of C, Si, and Al satisfy: [C]+[Si]+[Al])/5≤0.35 wt. A microstructure includes more than 1% to 4% or less of retained austenite, more than 10% to 20% or less of fresh martensite, 5% or less (excluding 0%) of ferrite, more than 50% to 70% or less of tempered martensite, and a balance of bainite.

The present invention provides a high-strength steel sheet, which can be used in various applications including automobile parts and exhibits excellent collision safety and excellent moldability, and a method for manufacturing the high-strength steel sheet. The high-strength steel sheet according to an aspect of the present invention satisfies a predetermined chemical composition and has a metallographic microstructure having ferrite fraction: 0% to 10%, MA fraction: 0% to 30%, hard phase other than ferrite and MA: 70% to 100% in terms of area proportion and retained austenite fraction: 5% to 30% in terms of volume proportion, and in the high-strength steel sheet, the skewness of IQ as analyzed by the EBRD method is −1.2 to −0.3 when the skewness is expressed by a predetermined relational expression in a case where crystal grains having a bcc structure and a bct structure are regarded as an aggregation of regions having an area of 0.05 μm.sup.2.

Aluminum can be used as a fuel source when reacted with water if its native surrounding oxide coating is penetrated with a gallium-based eutectic. When discrete aluminum objects are treated in a heated bath of eutectic, the eutectic penetrates the oxide coating. After the aluminum objects are treated, the aluminum objects can be reacted in a reactor to produce hydrogen which can, for example, react with oxygen in a fuel cell to produce electricity, for use in a variety of applications.

Aluminum can be used as a fuel source when reacted with water if its native surrounding oxide coating is penetrated with a gallium-based eutectic. When discrete aluminum objects are treated in a heated bath of eutectic, the eutectic penetrates the oxide coating. After the aluminum objects are treated, the aluminum objects can be reacted in a reactor to produce hydrogen which can, for example, react with oxygen in a fuel cell to produce electricity, for use in a variety of applications.

A coated metal sheet includes a steel substrate and a coating on at least one surface of the steel substrate. The coating includes between 0.2 and 0.7% by weight of Al, with a remainder of the metal coating being Zn and inevitable impurities. The coated metal sheet was subjected to a skin pass operation after coating. An outer surface of the metal coating has a waviness Wa.sub.0.8 of less than or equal to 0.55 μm.