A doping method using an electric field includes stacking a sacrificial layer on a doped layer, disposing a doping material on the sacrificial layer, disposing electrodes on the doping material and the doped layer, respectively, and doping the doping material into the doped layer through oxidation, diffusion, and reduction of the doping material by the electric field.

A doping method using an electric field includes stacking a sacrificial layer on a doped layer, disposing a doping material on the sacrificial layer, disposing electrodes on the doping material and the doped layer, respectively, and doping the doping material into the doped layer through oxidation, diffusion, and reduction of the doping material by the electric field.

Prior electrochromic devices frequently suffer from high levels of defectivity. The defects may be manifest as pin holes or spots where the electrochromic transition is impaired. This is unacceptable for many applications such as electrochromic architectural glass. Improved electrochromic devices with low defectivity can be fabricated by depositing certain layered components of the electrochromic device in a single integrated deposition system. While these layers are being deposited and/or treated on a substrate, for example a glass window, the substrate never leaves a controlled ambient environment, for example a low pressure controlled atmosphere having very low levels of particles. These layers may be deposited using physical vapor deposition.

Provided is an alloy-coated steel sheet and a manufacturing method thereof. The alloy-coated steel sheet includes: a steel sheet; and an Al—Mg—Si alloy layer disposed on the steel sheet, wherein the Al—Mg—Si alloy layer has a form in which Mg—Si alloy grains are included in an alloy layer consisting of an Al—Mg alloy phase.

Various embodiments herein relate to electrochromic devices, methods of fabricating electrochromic devices, and apparatus for fabricating electrochromic devices. In a number of cases, the electrochromic device may be fabricated to include a particular counter electrode material. The counter electrode material may include a base anodically coloring material. The counter electrode material may further include one or more halogens. The counter electrode material may also include one or more additives.

Various embodiments herein relate to electrochromic devices, methods of fabricating electrochromic devices, and apparatus for fabricating electrochromic devices. In a number of cases, the electrochromic device may be fabricated to include a particular counter electrode material. The counter electrode material may include a base anodically coloring material. The counter electrode material may further include one or more halogens. The counter electrode material may also include one or more additives.

A coated part includes a metallic substrate, a thermal barrier comprising a ceramic material and covering the metallic substrate, wherein the coated part further includes a protective coating covering the thermal barrier, the protective coating including, in a first region, a first MAX phase, denoted PZ2, of formula (Zr.sub.xTi.sub.1-x,).sub.2AlC or a first MAX phase, denoted PC2, of formula (Cr.sub.xTi.sub.1-x,).sub.2AlC with x non-zero and less than or equal to 1 in the MAX phases PZ2 and PC2, and the protective coating includes, in a second region covering the first region, a second MAX phase of formula Ti.sub.2AlC.

An object of the present invention is to provide a technique capable of realizing good wear resistance with a simple structure. A sliding member and a sliding bearing each include a base layer and a coating layer formed on the base layer, the coating layer having a sliding surface with a counterpart member. The base layer is formed of a hard material that is harder than the coating layer, and the average concentration of a diffusion component of the hard material diffused from the base layer is 4 wt % or more in an evaluation range, in the coating layer, in which the distance from an interface with the base layer is 1 μm or more and 2 μm or less.

The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a galvannealed steel sheet including the steps of A.) coating of the steel sheet with a first coating consisting of nickel and having a thickness between 150 nm and 650 nm, the steel sheet having the following composition in weight percentage 0.10<C<0.40%, 1.5<Mn<3.0%, 0.7<Si<3.0%, 0.05<Al<1.0%, 0.75<(Si+Al)<3.0%, and on a purely optional basis, one or more elements such as Nb≤0.5%, B≤0.010%, Cr≤1.0%, Mo≤0.50%, Ni≤1.0%, Ti≤0.5%, the remainder of the composition is made up of iron and inevitable impurities resulting from the elaboration, B.) annealing of the coated steel sheet being annealed at a temperature between 600 to 1200° C., C.) coating of the steel sheet obtained in step B.) with a second coating based on zinc and D.) an alloying heat treatment to form a galvannealed steel sheet.

The present invention relates to a method for the manufacture of a galvannealed steel sheet including the steps of A.) coating of the steel sheet with a first coating consisting of nickel and having a thickness between 150 nm and 650 nm, the steel sheet having the following composition in weight percentage 0.10<C<0.40%, 1.5<Mn<3.0%, 0.7<Si<3.0%, 0.05<Al<1.0%, 0.75<(Si+Al)<3.0%, and on a purely optional basis, one or more elements such as Nb≤0.5%, B≤0.010%, Cr≤1.0%, Mo≤0.50%, Ni≤1.0%, Ti≤0.5%, the remainder of the composition is made up of iron and inevitable impurities resulting from the elaboration, B.) annealing of the coated steel sheet being annealed at a temperature between 600 to 1200° C., C.) coating of the steel sheet obtained in step B.) with a second coating based on zinc and D.) an alloying heat treatment to form a galvannealed steel sheet.