A method of forming a protective coating. The method includes providing a substrate including at least one chemical element and a surface; forming a basecoat composition including an aluminium phase including aluminium;

applying the basecoat composition on the surface of the substrate to form a basecoat layer; heating the basecoat layer to a first temperature for a predetermined period of time; applying a glow discharge plasma on the basecoat layer; and heating the basecoat layer to a second temperature greater than the first temperature, in order to activate an exothermic reaction between at least the aluminium phase of the basecoat layer and the at least one chemical element of the substrate, wherein the exothermic reaction forms the protective coating on the surface of the substrate.

A method of forming a protective coating. The method includes providing a substrate including at least one chemical element and a surface; forming a basecoat composition including an aluminium phase including aluminium;

applying the basecoat composition on the surface of the substrate to form a basecoat layer; heating the basecoat layer to a first temperature for a predetermined period of time; applying a glow discharge plasma on the basecoat layer; and heating the basecoat layer to a second temperature greater than the first temperature, in order to activate an exothermic reaction between at least the aluminium phase of the basecoat layer and the at least one chemical element of the substrate, wherein the exothermic reaction forms the protective coating on the surface of the substrate.

Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a stainless steel component, the method including texturizing a stainless steel substrate by bead blasting to provide a texturized stainless steel. The stainless steel substrate includes grade 316 austenitic stainless steel. The method also includes treating the texturized stainless steel with a passivation solution to provide a passivated stainless steel. The method further includes treating the passivated stainless steel with an oxidizing solution including sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide at a temperature of about 130 to about 200 degrees Fahrenheit for at least 50 minutes to provide an antimicrobial stainless steel surface that is free of a separate coating. The method includes obtaining at least 99.9% E. coli reduction as measured by JIS Z 2801:2010 test on the antimicrobial stainless steel without a separate coating.

Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a stainless steel component, the method including texturizing a stainless steel substrate by bead blasting to provide a texturized stainless steel. The stainless steel substrate includes grade 316 austenitic stainless steel. The method also includes treating the texturized stainless steel with a passivation solution to provide a passivated stainless steel. The method further includes treating the passivated stainless steel with an oxidizing solution including sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide at a temperature of about 130 to about 200 degrees Fahrenheit for at least 50 minutes to provide an antimicrobial stainless steel surface that is free of a separate coating. The method includes obtaining at least 99.9% E. coli reduction as measured by JIS Z 2801:2010 test on the antimicrobial stainless steel without a separate coating.

A steel sheet for a fuel tank includes: a Zn—Ni alloy plated layer which is placed on one surface or each of both surfaces of a base metal and formed on at least one surface; and an inorganic chromate-free chemical conversion coating film which is placed over the Zn—Ni alloy plated layer. The Zn—Ni alloy plated layer has a crack starting from an interface between the Zn—Ni alloy plated layer and the inorganic chromate-free chemical conversion coating film and reaching an interface between the Zn—Ni alloy plated layer and the steel sheet, and a water contact angle on a surface of the inorganic chromate-free chemical conversion coating film is more than or equal to 50 degrees.

The present invention relates to a solution that is free of chromium in all its oxidising states, comprising: - at least one chemical oxidising compound, - at least one aluminium complexing agent, - at least one corrosion inhibiting compound, and -optionally, a chemical sealant compound, the solution having a pH in the range from 1 to 5. The present invention also relates to a method for treating a metal surface, comprising the application, on the surface, of a solution as defined above. The present invention additionally relates to a coating of a metal surface that can be obtained by the method for treating a metal surface as defined above, to a metal surface comprising the coating and to the use of the solution in an anti-corrosion treatment of a metal surface.

The present invention relates to a solution that is free of chromium in all its oxidising states, comprising: - at least one chemical oxidising compound, - at least one aluminium complexing agent, - at least one corrosion inhibiting compound, and -optionally, a chemical sealant compound, the solution having a pH in the range from 1 to 5. The present invention also relates to a method for treating a metal surface, comprising the application, on the surface, of a solution as defined above. The present invention additionally relates to a coating of a metal surface that can be obtained by the method for treating a metal surface as defined above, to a metal surface comprising the coating and to the use of the solution in an anti-corrosion treatment of a metal surface.

A composition for a phosphate film of a Zn electric-plated steel sheet may comprise zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn), wherein a content of Mn is 6 to 8 wt %.

A composition for a phosphate film of a Zn electric-plated steel sheet may comprise zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn), wherein a content of Mn is 6 to 8 wt %.

A coated metal pipe for use as an automotive fluid transport tube is provided comprising: a single or double walled tubing formed into a circular cross-sectional profile; at least one intermediate layer primer layer applied over said tubing: and an outer layer comprising a polyamide incorporating an immiscible additive. The immiscible additive is selected from Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) silicones, UHMW polyethylene (UHMW-PE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and mixtures thereof.