This disclosure provides electrochemically-cleavable linkers with cleavage potentials that are less than the redox potential of the solvent in which the linkers are used. In some applications, the solvent may be water or an aqueous buffer solution. The linkers may be used to link a nucleotide to a bound group. The linkers include a cleavable group which may be one of a methoxybenzyl alcohol, an ester, a propargyl thioether, or a trichloroethyl ether. The linkers may be cleaved in solvent by generating an electrode potential that is less than the redox potential of the solvent. In some implementations, an electrode array may be used to generate localized electrode potentials which selectively cleave linkers bound to the activated electrode. Uses for the linkers include attachment of blocking groups to nucleotides in enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis.

The present invention describes an electrochemical system (1) to electrochemically reduce carbon monoxide (CO) into liquid methanol and gaseous H.sub.2, comprising an electrochemical cell with an anodic compartment with an anode (2) with a current collector (2A), at least a catalyst to electrochemically oxidize H.sub.2O, and a cathodic compartment with a cathodic electrolyte solution comprising the solvent (3), and a cathodic supporting electrolyte, the solvent (3) being water at basic pH of between 10.5 and 13.5, the reagent CO; a cathode (4) which comprises, on a current collector (4A) which is electrochemically inert, at least a cobalt molecular catalyst (4B) to electrochemically reduce CO into liquid methanol and the gas H.sub.2, a power supply (5) providing the energy necessary to trigger the electrochemical reactions involving the reagent.

This disclosure provides electrochemically-cleavable linkers with cleavage potentials that are less than the redox potential of the solvent in which the linkers are used. In some applications, the solvent may be water or an aqueous buffer solution. The linkers may be used to link a nucleotide to a bound group. The linkers include a cleavable group which may be one of a methoxybenzyl alcohol, an ester, a propargyl thioether, or a trichloroethyl ether. The linkers may be cleaved in solvent by generating an electrode potential that is less than the redox potential of the solvent. In some implementations, an electrode array may be used to generate localized electrode potentials which selectively cleave linkers bound to the activated electrode. Uses for the linkers include attachment of blocking groups to nucleotides in enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis.

This disclosure provides electrochemically-cleavable linkers with cleavage potentials that are less than the redox potential of the solvent in which the linkers are used. In some applications, the solvent may be water or an aqueous buffer solution. The linkers may be used to link a nucleotide to a bound group. The linkers include a cleavable group which may be one of a methoxybenzyl alcohol, an ester, a propargyl thioether, or a trichloroethyl ether. The linkers may be cleaved in solvent by generating an electrode potential that is less than the redox potential of the solvent. In some implementations, an electrode array may be used to generate localized electrode potentials which selectively cleave linkers bound to the activated electrode. Uses for the linkers include attachment of blocking groups to nucleotides in enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis.

Electrochemistry is used to generate active nitrating species from nitrate salt in situ in an aprotic solvent to eliminate acidic and/or toxic waste streams associated with the production of energetic materials. The systems/methods perform alcohol nitration without using nitric acid and/or sulfuric acid. As a result, the systems/methods may be operated under milder conditions (e.g., room temperature and ambient pressure). In addition, the disclosed systems/methods offer high product selectivity via controlling electrolysis potential. The electrochemical synthetic method is scalable, highly amenable to continuous processing and can make use of inexpensive feedstocks, making the systems/methods well-suited to large-scale manufacture.

The present invention relates to an electrochemical process for the synthesis of pyrazolines and pyrazoles of the formula (I). The process can be used in particular for the synthesis of the herbicide safener mefenpyr-diethyl.

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The present invention relates to an electrochemical process for the synthesis of pyrazolines and pyrazoles of the formula (I). The process can be used in particular for the synthesis of the herbicide safener mefenpyr-diethyl.

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A process for generating a carboxylic acid from a hydrolysable polymer containing the carboxylic acid includes i) depolymerizing the polymer by hydrolysis in an aqueous hydrolysis solution, to form a carboxylate; ii) optionally removing further monomeric constituents and any further soluble and/or insoluble impurities located in the hydrolysate solution; iii) transferring the hydrolysate solution into an anode compartment of an electrolysis device; iv) performing an electrolysis with the hydrolysate solution in the anode compartment by connecting the electrolysis device to a voltage source, with current flowing through the electrolysis device and ion exchange taking place between the liquids in the anode compartment and the cathode compartment, so that the liquid in the cathode compartment becomes alkaline and protons are formed in the anode compartment that protonate the carboxylate, causing the carboxylic acid to precipitate; and v) removing the carboxylic acid formed from at least part of the hydrolysate solution.

A process for generating a carboxylic acid from a hydrolysable polymer containing the carboxylic acid includes i) depolymerizing the polymer by hydrolysis in an aqueous hydrolysis solution, to form a carboxylate; ii) optionally removing further monomeric constituents and any further soluble and/or insoluble impurities located in the hydrolysate solution; iii) transferring the hydrolysate solution into an anode compartment of an electrolysis device; iv) performing an electrolysis with the hydrolysate solution in the anode compartment by connecting the electrolysis device to a voltage source, with current flowing through the electrolysis device and ion exchange taking place between the liquids in the anode compartment and the cathode compartment, so that the liquid in the cathode compartment becomes alkaline and protons are formed in the anode compartment that protonate the carboxylate, causing the carboxylic acid to precipitate; and v) removing the carboxylic acid formed from at least part of the hydrolysate solution.

An apparatus for producing an organic hydride includes: a cathode electrode that generates an organic hydride and hydroxide ions from a substance to be hydrogenated and water; an anode electrode that generates oxygen by oxidizing the hydroxide ions; and an electrolyte membrane that is composed of an anion exchange membrane and is arranged between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode so as to transfer the hydroxide ions from the cathode electrode side to the anode electrode side.