A thin film deposition system is disclosed in order to form a thin film on a substrate. The thin film deposition system comprises a hydrogen peroxide source. The hydrogen peroxide source comprises an electrochemical cell that converts a hydrogen gas to a hydrogen ion gas. The electrochemical cell converts an oxygen gas and water into a liquid phase complex. The liquid phase complex reacts with the hydrogen ion gas to form hydrogen peroxide.

The present invention relates to a photo-electrochemical device for production of a gas, liquid or solid using concentrated electromagnetic irradiation. The device comprises a photovoltaic component configured to generate charge carriers from the concentrated electromagnetic irradiation; and an electrochemical component configured to carry out electrolysis of a reactant. The photovoltaic component contacts the electrochemical component at a solid interface to form an integrated photo-electrochemical device; and further includes at least one reactant channel or a plurality of reactant channels extending between the photovoltaic component and the electrochemical component to transfer heat and the reactant from the photovoltaic component to the electrochemical component. The integrated photo-electrochemical device and auxiliary devices (such as concentrator, flow controllers) build a system which can flexibly react to changes in operating condition and guarantee best performance.

An electrochemical cell assembly (1400) comprising a base plate (308) and a top plate (303) between which a stack of planar cell units (306) and at least one electrical end plate (1402, 1407) are disposed in compression. The electrical end plate (1402, 1407) comprises a two-layer construction in which a first layer (1416, 1419) and a second layer (1417, 1420) formed of different respective materials are permanently connected together to form a single conductive body. The first layer (1416, 1419) of the electrical end plate (1402, 1407) is electrically connected to an external electrical terminal (301, 505) of the cell assembly, and the second layer (1417, 1420) of the electrical end plate (1402, 1407) has an outwardly facing side having a first electrically conductive ceramic layer (1418, 1824) bonded thereto that is in face-to-face abutment with, and in electrical contact with, an adjacent cell unit (306).

An electrochemical cell assembly (1400) comprising a base plate (308) and a top plate (303) between which a stack of planar cell units (306) and at least one electrical end plate (1402, 1407) are disposed in compression. The electrical end plate (1402, 1407) comprises a two-layer construction in which a first layer (1416, 1419) and a second layer (1417, 1420) formed of different respective materials are permanently connected together to form a single conductive body. The first layer (1416, 1419) of the electrical end plate (1402, 1407) is electrically connected to an external electrical terminal (301, 505) of the cell assembly, and the second layer (1417, 1420) of the electrical end plate (1402, 1407) has an outwardly facing side having a first electrically conductive ceramic layer (1418, 1824) bonded thereto that is in face-to-face abutment with, and in electrical contact with, an adjacent cell unit (306).

Electrochemical systems, separator plates and methods for production thereof, the separator plate comprising: an active region and at least one first through-opening for supplying a reaction medium to flow channels, and one second through-opening for conducting the reaction medium away from flow channels. At least one through-opening enclosed by a roller-embossed sealing bead. Roller embossing a first layer in a first transportation direction and roller embossing a second layer in a second transportation direction, and arranging the two metal layers opposite one another relative to the respective transportation directions. Two roller-embossed sealing beads are arranged one above the other.

A method for carrying out electrolysis comprises dynamically changing a current density associated with an operation of an electrolyzer within a range of values of about 0.15 A/cm.sup.2 and 3.0 A/cm2, wherein the changing of the current density associated with the operation of the electrolyzer is in response to a change in demand for electricity within a region where the electrolyzer is located, and wherein the changing of the current density comprises lowering the current density within the range of values of about 0.15 A/cm.sup.2 and 3.0 A/cm.sup.2 when the demand for electricity increases within the region where the electrolyzer is located and raising the current density within the range of values of about 0.15 A/cm.sup.2 and 3.0 A/cm.sup.2 when the demand for electricity decreases within the region where the electrolyzer is located.

The present invention relates to a photo-electrochemical device for production of a gas, liquid or solid using concentrated electromagnetic irradiation. The device comprises a photovoltaic component configured to generate charge carriers from the concentrated electromagnetic irradiation; and an electrochemical component configured to carry out electrolysis of a reactant. The photovoltaic component contacts the electrochemical component at a solid interface to form an integrated photo-electrochemical device; and further includes at least one reactant channel or a plurality of reactant channels extending between the photovoltaic component and the electrochemical component to transfer heat and the reactant from the photovoltaic component to the electrochemical component. The integrated photo-electrochemical device and auxiliary devices (such as concentrator, flow controllers) build a system which can flexibly react to changes in operating condition and guarantee best performance.

Electrolytic cells for electrolysis of water, the electrolytic cells including two sub-cells, one containing the anode, the other the cathode. The electrolytic cells are configured so that at least the hydrogen formed due to electrolysis is passed through a deflection tube and into an electrolyte outside of the electrolytic sub-cell. This configuration serves as a security measure to prevent a flashback of a combustion reaction, and makes the presence of a separate bubbler superfluous.

Therapeutic dressings, a process for the preparation of a gasotransmitter, and various methods are disclosed. A therapeutic dressing according to an embodiment includes a composition including an organic electrochemical mediator configured to reduce a gasotransmitter salt, and the gasotransmitter salt converting into a gasotransmitter upon reduction; a carrier adapted to contain the composition; and a bimetallic cell delivering current to the composition.

Provided herein are compositions, devices, systems and methods for electrochemical synthesis. Further provided are devices comprising addressable electrodes controlling polynucleotide synthesis (deprotection, extension, or cleavage, etc.) The compositions, devices, systems and methods described herein provide improved synthesis, storage, density, and retrieval of biomolecule-based information.