A photoelectrode includes a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate, and a layer of graphitic-poly(2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine) (g-PTAP) nanoflakes at least partially covering a surface of the FTO substrate. Further, the g-PTAP nanoflakes have a width of 0.1 to 5 micrometers (m). In addition, a method for producing the photoelectrode, and a method for photocatalytic water splitting, in which the photoelectrode is used.

A photoelectrode includes a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate, and a layer of graphitic-poly(2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine) (g-PTAP) nanoflakes at least partially covering a surface of the FTO substrate. Further, the g-PTAP nanoflakes have a width of 0.1 to 5 micrometers (m). In addition, a method for producing the photoelectrode, and a method for photocatalytic water splitting, in which the photoelectrode is used.

A photoelectrode includes a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate, and a layer of graphitic-poly(2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine) (g-PTAP) nanoflakes at least partially covering a surface of the FTO substrate. Further, the g-PTAP nanoflakes have a width of 0.1 to 5 micrometers (m). In addition, a method for producing the photoelectrode, and a method for photocatalytic water splitting, in which the photoelectrode is used.

A titanium substrate includes TiO.sub.2 nanotubes (TNTs) uniformly distributed thereon, wherein the TiO.sub.2 nanotubes are doped with ZrO.sub.2 and Fe.sub.2O.sub.3. The presence of both ZrO.sub.2 and Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 on TNTs arrays achieves synergistic results to provide improved energy conversion efficiency for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation systems.

A titanium substrate includes TiO.sub.2 nanotubes (TNTs) uniformly distributed thereon, wherein the TiO.sub.2 nanotubes are doped with ZrO.sub.2 and Fe.sub.2O.sub.3. The presence of both ZrO.sub.2 and Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 on TNTs arrays achieves synergistic results to provide improved energy conversion efficiency for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation systems.

A method of generating hydrogen gas including applying a potential of greater than 0 to 1.0 volts (V) to an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell is at least partially submerged in an aqueous solution. On applying the potential the aqueous solution is reduced thereby forming hydrogen gas. The electrochemical cell includes an electrocatalyst and a counter electrode. The electrocatalyst includes a substrate, strontium titanate (SrTiO.sub.3) nanoparticles, and cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles. The SrTiO.sub.3 nanoparticles have a substantially spherical shape. The CdSe nanoparticles have a polygon shape. The CdSe nanoparticles are distributed within a network of the SrTiO.sub.3 nanoparticles on the surface of the substrate.

A method of generating hydrogen gas including applying a potential of greater than 0 to 1.0 volts (V) to an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell is at least partially submerged in an aqueous solution. On applying the potential the aqueous solution is reduced thereby forming hydrogen gas. The electrochemical cell includes an electrocatalyst and a counter electrode. The electrocatalyst includes a substrate, strontium titanate (SrTiO.sub.3) nanoparticles, and cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles. The SrTiO.sub.3 nanoparticles have a substantially spherical shape. The CdSe nanoparticles have a polygon shape. The CdSe nanoparticles are distributed within a network of the SrTiO.sub.3 nanoparticles on the surface of the substrate.

There is provided an artificial photosynthesis energy device, the device comprising: an artificial photosynthesis fuel generator, incorporating: an inlet for receiving at least one of a feed material and at least one byproduct, a reactor which uses light energy from a light source to convert the at least one of the feed material and the at least one byproduct to a fuel, and an outlet which feeds the fuel to a power generator which generates electricity and produces the at least one byproduct from the fuel; the power generator, incorporating: an inlet fluidly connected to the outlet of the artificial photosynthesis fuel generator, and an outlet, wherein the device further comprises: a recycler which directs at least a portion of the at least one byproduct from the outlet of the power generator to the inlet of the artificial photosynthesis fuel generator.

There is provided an artificial photosynthesis energy device, the device comprising: an artificial photosynthesis fuel generator, incorporating: an inlet for receiving at least one of a feed material and at least one byproduct, a reactor which uses light energy from a light source to convert the at least one of the feed material and the at least one byproduct to a fuel, and an outlet which feeds the fuel to a power generator which generates electricity and produces the at least one byproduct from the fuel; the power generator, incorporating: an inlet fluidly connected to the outlet of the artificial photosynthesis fuel generator, and an outlet, wherein the device further comprises: a recycler which directs at least a portion of the at least one byproduct from the outlet of the power generator to the inlet of the artificial photosynthesis fuel generator.

Disclosed are a photoelectric cell with a silicon carbide electrode (4) for photocatalytic production of hydrogen, and a manufacturing method therefor. The cell has on one side of the silicon carbide electrode (4) a window (2) the incidence of light (5) and on the other side of the silicon carbide electrode (4) an aqueous electrolyte (10) and a counter electrode (6). On the side of the silicon carbide electrode (4) facing the window, the cell is electrolyte-free. The silicon carbide electrode (4) is preferably produced by coating a substrate (3) with silicon carbide (4).