The embodiments disclose an apparatus including at least one hypochlorous acid generator for producing purified hypochlorous acid from purified water and pure salt, a mixing tank container hypochlorous acid generator for processing the purified water and pure salt, a cap with vent configured to release gases created during an electrolysis operation, a water intake port to fill the mixing tank container with fill water automatically using an automatic system intake valve, a water drain port to drain liquid from the mixing tank container, an AC port to route external power circuits connections, at least one crossing double electrode module configured to provide ultraviolet light to purify water and perform electrolysis, an LCD control panel coupled to control buttons to display processing status and operation control settings, and a hypochlorous acid generator app on a user digital device to transmit hypochlorous acid generator control settings.

A membrane-free electrochemical reactor and fuel-cell having a collection chamber between a first and second chamber, a mesoporous carbon paper cathode between the first chamber and the collection chamber, a mesoporous carbon paper anode between the second chamber and the collection chamber, the cathode is coated with an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst that imparts a two-electron partial reduction reaction to hydrogen peroxide, the anode is coated with an oxygen evolution reaction coating or a hydrogen oxidation reaction coating, oxygen/air input and output ports connected to the first chamber, KOH/water input and output ports connected to the second chamber that are in an open state under an electrolyzer mode, H.sub.2/water input and output ports connected to the second chamber that are in an open state under a fuel-cell mode, a second KOH/water input port connected to the collection chamber, and a hydrogen peroxide/KOH/water output port connected to the collection chamber.

An electrolyzer for splitting molecular water into molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygen using electrical energy comprises an anodic half-cell with an anode and a cathodic half-cell with a cathode. The anodic half-cell and the cathodic half-cell are separated from each other by a separator. The anodic half-cell comprises an anodic electrolyte, which is in contact with the anode. The cathodic half-cell comprises a cathodic electrolyte, which is in contact with the cathode. The anodic half-cell comprises an anodic catalyst. The cathodic half-cell contains at least one cation complex for forming at least one mediator complex. The at least one cation complex is reducible to the mediator complex by taking up at least one electron at the cathode. The mediator complex is a catalytically active chemical complex for splitting the molecular water (H.sub.2O) into molecular hydrogen (H.sub.2) and hydroxide ions (OH.sup.−) while releasing at least one electron.

An electrolyzer for splitting molecular water into molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygen using electrical energy comprises an anodic half-cell with an anode and a cathodic half-cell with a cathode. The anodic half-cell and the cathodic half-cell are separated from each other by a separator. The anodic half-cell comprises an anodic electrolyte, which is in contact with the anode. The cathodic half-cell comprises a cathodic electrolyte, which is in contact with the cathode. The anodic half-cell comprises an anodic catalyst. The cathodic half-cell contains at least one cation complex for forming at least one mediator complex. The at least one cation complex is reducible to the mediator complex by taking up at least one electron at the cathode. The mediator complex is a catalytically active chemical complex for splitting the molecular water (H.sub.2O) into molecular hydrogen (H.sub.2) and hydroxide ions (OH.sup.−) while releasing at least one electron.

Provided is a catalyst structure for electrochemical CO.sub.2 reduction. The catalyst structure includes carbon nanofibers doped with nitrogen (N), and copper (Cu) particles dispersed on the carbon nanofibers. At least portions of the carbon nanofibers at interfaces with the Cu particles may have a pyridinic-N structure.

An electrolyzer system has a first half cell with a first electrode and a separator disposed adjacent a side of the first half cell. The separator is configured to separate the first half cell from an adjacent second half cell, and the first electrode is in contact with a face of the separator. The first electrode has a mesh, and portions of the mesh that are in contact with the separator are flattened.

This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to nanoparticle/ordered-ligand interlayers. In one aspect, a structure comprises an assembly and a layer of ligands disposed on a surface of the assembly. The assembly comprises a plurality of metal nanoparticles. The metal nanoparticles of the plurality of metal nanoparticles in the assembly are proximate one another. The layer of ligands is operable to detach from the surface of the assembly but to remain proximate the surface of the assembly when the assembly is disposed in an electrolyte and a negative bias is applied to the assembly. An interlayer forms between the assembly and the layer of ligands, with the interlayer comprising desolvated cations from the electrolyte.

Self-cleaning electrochemical cells, systems including self-cleaning electrochemical cells, and methods of operating self-cleaning electrochemical cells are disclosed. The self-cleaning electrochemical cell can include a plurality of concentric electrodes disposed in a housing, for example, a cathode and an anode, a fluid channel defined between the concentric electrodes, a separator residing between the concentric electrodes, first and second end caps coupled to respective ends of the housing, and an inlet cone. The separators may be configured to localize the electrodes and dimensioned to minimize a zone of reduced velocity occurring downstream from the separator. The end caps and inlet cone may be dimensioned to maintain fully developed flow and minimize pressure drop across the electrochemical cell.

A rapid method of synthesizing nanoflowers made of nanoflakes of nickel molybdate (NiMoO.sub.4) directly on nickel foam (NF) through an aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) process is disclosed. The nickel molybdate nanoflowers were grown on NF by varying the deposition time for 60 and 120 min at a fixed temperature of 480° C. and their efficiency was investigated as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The NiMoO.sub.4 nanoflowers of NF obtained after 60 minutes of AACVD process showed OER performance with lowest overpotential of 320 mV to reach standard current density of 10 mA cm.sup.−2. The catalyst continuously performed the OER for 15 h, signifying its prominent stability under electrochemical conditions.

A rapid method of synthesizing nanoflowers made of nanoflakes of nickel molybdate (NiMoO.sub.4) directly on nickel foam (NF) through an aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) process is disclosed. The nickel molybdate nanoflowers were grown on NF by varying the deposition time for 60 and 120 min at a fixed temperature of 480° C. and their efficiency was investigated as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts in 1 M KOH electrolyte. The NiMoO.sub.4 nanoflowers of NF obtained after 60 minutes of AACVD process showed OER performance with lowest overpotential of 320 mV to reach standard current density of 10 mA cm.sup.−2. The catalyst continuously performed the OER for 15 h, signifying its prominent stability under electrochemical conditions.