An electrolyzer has an electrolytic cell with a membrane that surrounds an interior channel. The electrolytic cell also has a first electrode positioned in the interior channel such that the membrane surrounds the first electrode. The electrolytic cell also includes a second electrode positioned such that the membrane is located between the first electrode and the second electrode.

In an aspect, a hydrogen separation unit includes an electrochemical cell stack that includes a separator stack located in between an anode side and a cathode side; a mixed gas conduit for receiving a mixed gas stream to the anode side; an anode removal conduit for removing a helium rich stream from the anode side; and a cathode removal conduit for removing a hydrogen rich stream from the cathode side. The separation stack includes a plurality of electrochemical cells, each of which includes a proton exchange membrane located in between an anode and a cathode. The proton exchange membrane can include a cation. The separation stack can be a cascading separation stack.

A separating membrane-gasket-protecting member assembly including: an ion-permeable separating membrane; a gasket holding a periphery of the membrane; and a frame-shaped protecting member holding the gasket; the protecting member including: a frame-shaped base body; and a frame-shaped lid member; the base body including: a receiving part being arranged in an inner periphery of the base body and receiving the gasket and the lid member; and a supporting part extending toward an inner periphery side of the base body and supporting the gasket received in the receiving part in a direction crossing a main face of the membrane; and the lid member having dimensions such that the lid member can be received in the receiving part, wherein the gasket and the lid member are received in the receiving part such that the gasket is sandwiched between the supporting part and the lid member.

A separating membrane-gasket-protecting member assembly including: an ion-permeable separating membrane; a gasket holding a periphery of the membrane; and a frame-shaped protecting member holding the gasket; the protecting member including: a frame-shaped base body; and a frame-shaped lid member; the base body including: a receiving part being arranged in an inner periphery of the base body and receiving the gasket and the lid member; and a supporting part extending toward an inner periphery side of the base body and supporting the gasket received in the receiving part in a direction crossing a main face of the membrane; and the lid member having dimensions such that the lid member can be received in the receiving part, wherein the gasket and the lid member are received in the receiving part such that the gasket is sandwiched between the supporting part and the lid member.

A method for extracting metal and oxygen from powdered metal oxides in electrolytic cell is proposed, the electrolytic cell comprising a container, a cathode, an anode and an oxygen-ion-conducting membrane, the method comprising providing a solid oxygen ion conducting electrolyte powder into a container, providing a feedstock comprising at least one metal oxide in powdered form into the container, applying an electric potential across the cathode and the anode, the cathode being in communication with the electrolyte powder and the anode being in communication with the membrane in communication with the electrolyte powder, such that at least one respective metallic species of the at least one metal oxide is reduced at the cathode and oxygen is oxidized at the anode to form molecular oxygen, wherein the potential across the cathode and the anode is greater than the dissociation potential of the at least one metal oxide and less than the dissociation potential of the solid electrolyte powder and the membrane.

In one embodiment, a system includes a purification stage configured to purify an input gas stream prior to delivering the input gas stream to a reaction stage; and a collection stage configured to collect at least some ammonia from the reaction stage. The reaction stage is configured to reduce nitrogen into nitride; and convert at least some of the nitride into ammonia. In another embodiment, a separation membrane includes: an anode; a cathode electrically coupled to the anode; and a porous support material positioned between the anode and the cathode. The separation membrane is configured to reduce nitrogen into nitride; and facilitate hydrogenation of the nitride to form ammonia. In another embodiment, a method includes delivering an input gas stream comprising nitrogen to a separation membrane; reducing at least some of the nitrogen into nitride; and reacting at least some of the nitride with hydrogen-containing compound(s).

Provided is a porous anion exchange membrane including a porous polymer support; and an anion-permselective material supported in the porous polymer support, in which the porous anion exchange membrane has a micro-nano composite pore structure including microscale pores and nanoscale pores.

Provided is a porous anion exchange membrane including a porous polymer support; and an anion-permselective material supported in the porous polymer support, in which the porous anion exchange membrane has a micro-nano composite pore structure including microscale pores and nanoscale pores.

An electrochemical system, an electrochemical stack and a method for carbon dioxide capture and carbon dioxide recovery. The system has a CO.sub.2 capture device where a metal hydroxide base solution reacts with CO.sub.2 to produce carbonates and bicarbonates. The electrochemical stack has one or more electrochemical cells, each with a gas diffusion anode having a hydrogen supply, a cathode spaced from the anode to define an electrolysis region between them for a salt solution, a cation exchange membrane in the electrolysis region next to the cathode and a metal hydroxide region separated from the electrolysis region by the cathode.

A voltage potential between the anode and cathode produces an acid solution in the electrolysis region, conditions the metal hydroxide base solution in the metal hydroxide region and evolves hydrogen at the cathode. A CO.sub.2 evolution device uses the acid and the carbonates and/or bicarbonates to recover CO.sub.2 and to recover the salt solution for reuse in the electrochemical stack.

An electrochemical system, an electrochemical stack and a method for carbon dioxide capture and carbon dioxide recovery. The system has a CO.sub.2 capture device where a metal hydroxide base solution reacts with CO.sub.2 to produce carbonates and bicarbonates. The electrochemical stack has one or more electrochemical cells, each with a gas diffusion anode having a hydrogen supply, a cathode spaced from the anode to define an electrolysis region between them for a salt solution, a cation exchange membrane in the electrolysis region next to the cathode and a metal hydroxide region separated from the electrolysis region by the cathode.

A voltage potential between the anode and cathode produces an acid solution in the electrolysis region, conditions the metal hydroxide base solution in the metal hydroxide region and evolves hydrogen at the cathode. A CO.sub.2 evolution device uses the acid and the carbonates and/or bicarbonates to recover CO.sub.2 and to recover the salt solution for reuse in the electrochemical stack.