Practical method for constructing materials composed of layers that are a few nanometers thick is disclosed which comprises of plating a substrate with layers of substantially a first metal and substantially a second metal using an electrolytic plating process and using plating cell(s) to locally plate the layers by alternating multiple cells with different plating solutions or alternating plating solutions in a cell.

A micronozzle assembly, comprising a reservoir, an array of structures comprising micronozzles, a porous structure positioned between the reservoir and the array, and an electrode within the reservoir, wherein the electrode comprises any of a mesh, a frame along the perimeter of the cavity of the reservoir, or a rod extending into a cavity of the reservoir.

A processing device based on electrochemistry includes a platform, a power supply and at least one modeling mechanism which is arranged under the platform and movable with respect to the platform. The modeling mechanism includes a photoelectric wheel, a light source and a container in which an ionic liquid is stored. The photoelectric wheel is rotatable and partially immersed in the ionic liquid. The photoelectric wheel includes a transparent conductive layer and a photoconductive layer bound together from inside to outside. The transparent conductive layer is electrically connected to an electrode of the power supply, and the platform is electrically connected to the other electrode of the power supply. The light source is arranged inside the photoelectric wheel and emits a light beam to pass through the transparent conductive layer towards the platform to selectively irradiate the photoconductive layer.

Methods and apparatus for producing helix windings used for a transformer are provided. For example, apparatus comprise an electrically conductive mandrel comprising an elongated body, a head comprising an eyelet detail, and a winding structure disposed along the elongated body.

A hydrogen evolution assisted electroplating nozzle includes a nozzle tip configured to interface with a portion of a substructure. The nozzle also includes an inner coaxial tube connected to a reservoir containing an electrolyte and an anode, the inner coaxial tube configured to dispense the electrolyte through the nozzle tip onto the portion of the substructure. The nozzle also includes an outer coaxial tube encompassing the inner coaxial tube, the outer coaxial tube configured to extract the electrolyte from the portion of the substructure. The nozzle also includes at least one contact pin configured to make electrical contact with a conductive track on the substrate.

A method includes using electroforming to deposit a first portion of material. The method also includes placing a preformed tube on the first portion of material, where the preformed tube includes multiple capillary pathways and multiple bends. The method further includes using electroforming to deposit a second portion of material over the first portion of material and over the preformed tube to form a heat exchanger. The preformed tube forms at least a portion of a pulsating heat pipe within the heat exchanger, and the pulsating heat pipe is configured to transport thermal energy through the heat exchanger.

The present invention discloses a system for 3D printing by using meniscus-confined electrodeposition, using at least one pipette, carrying at least one electrolyte, at least one means of thickness or deposition rate assessment and at least one motion control mechanism, configured to allow the deposition of at least one deposited metal on a substrate. The invention also discloses a method of 3D printing, characterized by one or more steps of meniscus-confined electrodepositing, using at least one pipette, carrying at least one electrolyte, utilizing at least one means of thickness or deposition rate assessment and at least one motion control mechanism, thereby enabling the deposing of at least one deposited metal on a substrate.

A method for depositing a material from a solution to a surface is provided. The method includes depositing, through a deposition channel of a material depositor, the solution in a rich state to the surface, wherein the solution in the rich state includes an initial concentration of the material, onto a surface, applying a predefined electrical output, by the material depositor, through the deposited solution to adhere the material to the surface, and to yield the solution in a depleted state wherein the solution in the depleted state contains a different concentration of the material from the rich solution, and removing, through a removal channel in the material depositor, the deposited solution in the depleted state. The material depositor includes a hydrophilic region defined by a hydrophilic surface through which the material depositor conducts the depositing and the removing and a hydrophobic barrier circumscribing the hydrophilic region.

Methods and systems for producing metal/polymer multilayer microstructures. In some examples, a method includes method for fabricating a multilayer microstructure using sequential multilayer deposition. This method includes deposition of an active metal containing desired physical, mechanical, and/or electrical properties, followed by the deposition of a protective layer of an inert metal. Subsequently, a polymer layer is deposited in which the deposition bath chemistry and conditions are optimized to control the growth direction and rate of the polymerization and thus the morphology of the layer. This is defined as the morphological polymer layer. A film of the same polymer with different polymerization conditions is then deposited such that a proper interface for subsequent metal deposition is created; this is the interfacial polymer layer. Lastly, the interfacial polymer layer is activated by deposition of a thin pure metal on the surface, creating an optimal substrate for the next active metal layer.

A system comprises a member to receive a mechanical force, and a sensor to sense the mechanical force. The sensor is mounted on the member using a set of nanoparticles and a set of nanowires coupled to the set of nanoparticles.