A hydrogen evolution assisted electroplating nozzle includes a nozzle tip configured to interface with a portion of a substructure. The nozzle also includes an inner coaxial tube connected to a reservoir containing an electrolyte and an anode, the inner coaxial tube configured to dispense the electrolyte through the nozzle tip onto the portion of the substructure. The nozzle also includes an outer coaxial tube encompassing the inner coaxial tube, the outer coaxial tube configured to extract the electrolyte from the portion of the substructure. The nozzle also includes at least one contact pin configured to make electrical contact with a conductive track on the substrate.

A film that contains Ni.sub.2O.sub.3H as a main component.

Methods, systems, and apparatus for coating the internal surface of nano-scale cavities on a substrate are contemplated. A first fluid of high wettability is applied to the nano-scale cavity, filling the cavity. A second fluid carrying a conductor or a catalyst is applied over the opening of the nano-scale cavity. The second fluid has a lower vapor pressure than the first fluid. The first fluid is converted to a gas, for example by heating the substrate. The gas exits the nano-scale cavity, creating a negative pressure or vacuum in the nano-scale cavity. The negative pressure draws the second fluid into the nano-scale cavity. The conductor is deposited on the interior surface of the nano-scale cavity, preferably less than 10 nm thick.

Systems and methods for generating return journey notifications include obtaining a request for navigational directions to a target destination. An outbound journey route from an initial location to the target destination can be determined, wherein the outbound journey route includes an estimated outbound journey time. A return journey route from the target destination to a return destination can be determined, wherein the return journey route includes an estimated return journey time. The outbound journey route and/or return journey route can be determined at least in part from one or more of current traffic conditions or historical traffic conditions. One or more notifications regarding the return journey route can be generated when comparing the estimated outbound journey time to the estimated return journey time results in a determination that one or more predetermined criteria are met.

The invention provides an electrocatalyst and a method of preparing a metal catalyst material comprising in-situ electrodeposition of the catalytic metal in the presence of CO.sub.2 and/or CO under electroreduction conditions, wherein the catalytic metal comprising copper (Cu) or silver (Ag) is electrodeposited onto a substrate comprising a gas diffusion layer and wherein the gas diffusion layer includes a metal seed layer disposed thereon, so that the catalytic metal is electrodeposited as an active catalyst layer onto the metal seed layer.

A method of performing an immersion tin process in the production of a component carrier is provided which includes immersing at least a part of a copper surface of the component carrier in a composition containing Sn(II) in an immersion tin unit, while passing a non-oxidizing gas through the immersion tin unit, wherein at least part of the non-oxidizing gas is recycled. In addition, an apparatus for performing an immersion tin process in the production of a component carrier, a method of performing a copper plating process in the production of a component carrier and an apparatus for performing a copper plating process in the production of a component carrier are provided.

A film that contains Ni.sub.2O.sub.3H as a main component.

Methods, systems, and apparatus for coating the internal surface of nano-scale cavities on a substrate are contemplated. A first fluid of high wettability is applied to the nano-scale cavity, filling the cavity. A second fluid carrying a conductor or a catalyst is applied over the opening of the nano-scale cavity. The second fluid has a lower vapor pressure than the first fluid. The first fluid is converted to a gas, for example by heating the substrate. The gas exits the nano-scale cavity, creating a negative pressure or vacuum in the nano-scale cavity. The negative pressure draws the second fluid into the nano-scale cavity. The conductor is deposited on the interior surface of the nano-scale cavity, preferably less than 10 nm thick.

Ionic liquid bath plating systems, methods, and plating anodes are provided for depositing metallic layers over turbomachine components and other workpieces. In an embodiment, the method includes placing workpieces in a plurality of cell vessels such that the workpieces are at least partially submerged in plating solution baths, which are retained within the cell vessels when the plating system is filled with a selected non-aqueous plating solution. After plating anodes are positioned adjacent the workpieces in the plating solution baths, the plurality of cell vessels are enclosed with lids such that the plurality of cell vessels contain vessel headspaces above the plating solution baths. A first purge gas is then injected into the plurality of cell vessels to purge the vessel headspaces. The workpieces and the plating anodes are then energized to deposit metallic layers on selected surfaces of the workpieces utilizing an ionic liquid bath plating process.

A method of performing an immersion tin process in the production of a component carrier is provided which includes immersing at least a part of a copper surface of the component carrier in a composition containing Sn(II) in an immersion tin unit, while passing a non-oxidizing gas through the immersion tin unit, wherein at least part of the non-oxidizing gas is recycled. In addition, an apparatus for performing an immersion tin process in the production of a component carrier, a method of performing a copper plating process in the production of a component carrier and an apparatus for performing a copper plating process in the production of a component carrier are provided.