A metal coated article includes a platinum-group metal region adjacent a refractory metal region, which is adjacent a substrate comprising an inorganic material. A refractory metal carbide layer is adjacent the substrate and the refractory metal layer is adjacent the refractory metal carbide layer. The platinum-group metal region comprises a refractory metal/platinum-group metal layer and a platinum-group metal layer. Related methods are also disclosed.

A method of forming an electrode in an electrochemical battery comprises: coating a reticulated substrate with a conductive material; curing the reticulated substrate coated with the conductive material; and electroplating the reticulated substrate coated with the conductive material with a desired metal material.

A method of forming an electrode in an electrochemical battery comprises: coating a reticulated substrate with a conductive material; curing the reticulated substrate coated with the conductive material; and electroplating the reticulated substrate coated with the conductive material with a desired metal material.

A system which includes two electrodes for use as cathode and anode, respectively, can perform water electrolysis. Each of the two electrodes includes a self-supporting electrode material containing a porous core material and a coating material. The porous core material includes carbon, and the coating material contains a transition metal phosphide. The two electrodes include identical electrode material, and each of the electrodes contains a connector to connect to a power source.

A system which includes two electrodes for use as cathode and anode, respectively, can perform water electrolysis. Each of the two electrodes includes a self-supporting electrode material containing a porous core material and a coating material. The porous core material includes carbon, and the coating material contains a transition metal phosphide. The two electrodes include identical electrode material, and each of the electrodes contains a connector to connect to a power source.

An object of the present invention is to provide, at a low cost, a porous metal body that can be used in an electrode of a fuel cell and that has better corrosion resistance. The porous metal body has a three-dimensional mesh-like structure and contains nickel (Ni), tin (Sn), and chromium (Cr). A content ratio of the tin is 10% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less, and a content ratio of the chromium is 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less. On a cross section of a skeleton of the porous metal body, the porous metal body contains a solid solution phase of chromium, nickel, and tin. The solid solution phase contains a solid solution phase of chromium and trinickel tin (Ni.sub.3Sn), the solid solution phase having a chromium content ratio of 2% by mass or less, and does not contain a solid solution phase that is other than a solid solution phase of chromium and trinickel tin (Ni.sub.3Sn) and that has a chromium content ratio of less than 1.5% by mass.

A carbon nanotube (CNT) cable includes a pair of plated twisted wires, wherein each wire includes one or more sub-cores, wherein at least one sub-core includes CNT yarn; a dielectric surrounding the plated twisted wires; and an electrical layer surrounding the dielectric, wherein the electrical layer is configured to shield the CNT cable. A method for making a CNT cable includes the steps of controlling a deposition rate, depositing plating so as to surround a pair of wires, wherein each wire includes one or more sub-cores, wherein at least one sub-core includes CNT yarn, twisting the plated wires together, and surrounding the plated twisted wires with an electrical layer configured to shield the plated twisted wires, thereby creating the CNT cable.

A three-dimensional porous composite structure comprises a porous structure and at least one carbon nanotube structure. The porous structure has a plurality of metal ligaments and a plurality of pores. The at least one carbon nanotube structure is embedded in the porous structure and comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes joined end to end by van der Waals attractive force, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes are arranged along a same direction.

A three-dimensional porous composite structure comprises a porous structure and at least one carbon nanotube structure. The porous structure has a plurality of metal ligaments and a plurality of pores. The at least one carbon nanotube structure is embedded in the porous structure and comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes joined end to end by van der Waals attractive force, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes are arranged along a same direction.

Semiconductor packages having variable redistribution layer thicknesses are described. In an example, a semiconductor package includes a redistribution layer on a dielectric layer, and the redistribution layer includes first conductive traces having a first thickness and second conductive traces having a second thickness. The first thickness may be different than the second thickness, e.g., the first thickness may be less than the second thickness.