An apparatus and method for electrochemically depositing a layer using a reactor configured to contain an electrolyte solution with an anode array containing a plurality of independently electrically controllable anodes arranged in a two-dimensional array, a cathode, an addressing circuit for receiving a signal containing anode address data, and for outputting a signal causing an anode array pattern; in communication with the addressing circuit, the current controller and the anode array, the second controller operable to communicate with the current controller to command the flow of current to each anode in the anode array thereby causing an electrochemical reaction at the cathode to deposit a layer corresponding to the anode array pattern signal received from the addressing circuit.

An apparatus and method for electrochemically depositing a layer using a reactor configured to contain an electrolyte solution with an anode array containing a plurality of independently electrically controllable anodes arranged in a two-dimensional array, a cathode, an addressing circuit for receiving a signal containing anode address data, and for outputting a signal causing an anode array pattern; in communication with the addressing circuit, the current controller and the anode array, the second controller operable to communicate with the current controller to command the flow of current to each anode in the anode array thereby causing an electrochemical reaction at the cathode to deposit a layer corresponding to the anode array pattern signal received from the addressing circuit.

A layered material suitable as substrate for a three-dimensional cell culture includes a transparent carrier layer and a transparent conductive layer as well as a photoconductive layer comprising titanium oxide phthalocyanine. A method for producing the layered material and an article comprising it and a receiving unit are disclosed. A mold-free method is provided for forming a three-dimensional hydrogel as well as for forming a three-dimensional cell culture by using the layered material or article. Uses of the layered material and of the three-dimensional hydrogel and three-dimensional cell culture are also disclosed.

A layered material suitable as substrate for a three-dimensional cell culture includes a transparent carrier layer and a transparent conductive layer as well as a photoconductive layer comprising titanium oxide phthalocyanine. A method for producing the layered material and an article comprising it and a receiving unit are disclosed. A mold-free method is provided for forming a three-dimensional hydrogel as well as for forming a three-dimensional cell culture by using the layered material or article. Uses of the layered material and of the three-dimensional hydrogel and three-dimensional cell culture are also disclosed.

Briefly, a carbon working electrode is described that has a plastic substrate of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or polylactic acid, and may be formed into an elongated wire. The carbon material coats the plastic substrate, and may be, for example, graphene, diamagnetic graphite, pyrolytic graphite, pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, carbon paste, or carbon ink, which is aqueously dispersed in an elastomeric material such as polyurethane, silicone, acrylates or acrylics. Optionally, selected additives may be added to the carbon compound prior to it being layered onto the plastic substrate. These additives may, for example, improve electrical conductivity or sensitivity, or act as a catalyst for target analyte molecules.

Briefly, a carbon working electrode is described that has a plastic substrate of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or polylactic acid, and may be formed into an elongated wire. The carbon material coats the plastic substrate, and may be, for example, graphene, diamagnetic graphite, pyrolytic graphite, pyrolytic carbon, carbon black, carbon paste, or carbon ink, which is aqueously dispersed in an elastomeric material such as polyurethane, silicone, acrylates or acrylics. Optionally, selected additives may be added to the carbon compound prior to it being layered onto the plastic substrate. These additives may, for example, improve electrical conductivity or sensitivity, or act as a catalyst for target analyte molecules.

Methods for electrodeposition using aqueous electrolytes where water molecules are depleted are described herein. Methods of electrodepositing superconducting thin films from aqueous electrolytes where water molecules are depleted are also described herein.

Methods for electrodeposition using aqueous electrolytes where water molecules are depleted are described herein. Methods of electrodepositing superconducting thin films from aqueous electrolytes where water molecules are depleted are also described herein.

A method to enable electroplating of nano-silver like gold material ([Ag.sub.25(SR).sub.18].sup.− where SR is a thiolate). The method includes activating a surface of a substrate using first counter flow conditioning rinses (CFCR) with a solution of acetone followed by a solution of alcohol; rinsing the substrate surface; drying using a nitrogen gas; cleaning using a soak-clean solution; activating using an activator solution; rinsing using an ammonia dead rinse solution; conditioning using second CFCR; etching using hydrochloric acid; rinsing third CFCR; depositing woods nickel strike material and electrolytic nickel metal; electrodeposition of a gold strike metal to the surface of the substrate; and electroplating of a nano-silver like gold material and a nano-silver like gold alloy material on to the surface of the substrate using an electroplating solution and a rate of deposition 0.0001 μm/h.

An anti-tarnish composition including a polymer resin; a photoinitiator; a coating thickness adjusting agent; and optionally a dye useful for protecting metal substrates from tarnishing and methods of applying the anti-tarnish composition to metal substrates using an electroplating method. The anti-tarnish composition can be selectively applied to the metal surfaces of jewelry containing gemstones.