Anode foil, preferably aluminum anode foil, is etched using a process of treating the foil in an electrolyte bath composition comprising a perfluoroalkylsulfonate, a sulfate, a halide, and an oxidizing agent. The anode foil is etched in the electrolyte bath composition by passing a direct current charge through the bath. The etched anode foil is suitable for use in an electrolytic capacitor.

The invention relates to a method for recovery of Nd.sub.2Fe.sub.14B grains from bulk sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets and/or magnet scraps. In this method the Nd—Fe—B magnets (1) and/or magnet scraps are anodically oxidized using a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte (5), said anodic oxidation releasing the Nd.sub.2Fe.sub.14B grains (6) in said Nd—Fe—B magnets (1) and/or magnet scraps. The released Nd.sub.2Fe.sub.14B grains (6) are collected during and/or after said anodic oxidation. The proposed method allows a more environmental friendly and cost-effective way for recycling EOL Nd—Fe—B magnets/Nd—Fe—B magnet scraps.

The invention relates to a method for recovery of Nd.sub.2Fe.sub.14B grains from bulk sintered Nd—Fe—B magnets and/or magnet scraps. In this method the Nd—Fe—B magnets (1) and/or magnet scraps are anodically oxidized using a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte (5), said anodic oxidation releasing the Nd.sub.2Fe.sub.14B grains (6) in said Nd—Fe—B magnets (1) and/or magnet scraps. The released Nd.sub.2Fe.sub.14B grains (6) are collected during and/or after said anodic oxidation. The proposed method allows a more environmental friendly and cost-effective way for recycling EOL Nd—Fe—B magnets/Nd—Fe—B magnet scraps.

Direct copper-copper bonding at low temperatures is achieved by electroplating copper features on a substrate followed by electroplanarizing the copper features. The copper features are electroplated on the substrate under conditions so that nanotwinned copper structures are formed. Electroplanarizing the copper features is performed by anodically biasing the substrate and contacting the copper features with an electrolyte so that copper is electrochemically removed. Such electrochemical removal is performed in a manner so that roughness is reduced in the copper features and substantial coplanarity is achieved among the copper features. Copper features having nanotwinned copper structures, reduced roughness, and better coplanarity enable direct copper-copper bonding at low temperatures.

Direct copper-copper bonding at low temperatures is achieved by electroplating copper features on a substrate followed by electroplanarizing the copper features. The copper features are electroplated on the substrate under conditions so that nanotwinned copper structures are formed. Electroplanarizing the copper features is performed by anodically biasing the substrate and contacting the copper features with an electrolyte so that copper is electrochemically removed. Such electrochemical removal is performed in a manner so that roughness is reduced in the copper features and substantial coplanarity is achieved among the copper features. Copper features having nanotwinned copper structures, reduced roughness, and better coplanarity enable direct copper-copper bonding at low temperatures.

A method for manufacturing a sulfuric acid solution includes supplying a chloride ion-containing sulfuric acid solution as an initial electrolyte in an electrolyzer inside of which is divided into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber by a diaphragm; and subsequently taking out a metal dissolved electrolyte in which a metal constituting the anode is dissolved from the anode chamber while supplying a current to an anode and a cathode disposed in the electrolyzer.

A method for manufacturing a sulfuric acid solution includes supplying a chloride ion-containing sulfuric acid solution as an initial electrolyte in an electrolyzer inside of which is divided into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber by a diaphragm; and subsequently taking out a metal dissolved electrolyte in which a metal constituting the anode is dissolved from the anode chamber while supplying a current to an anode and a cathode disposed in the electrolyzer.

Fabricating an electrode for capacitor includes performing a first set of one or more preliminary oxide formation operations on a sheet of material. The method also includes performing a capacitance test on the sheet of material so as to determine the capacitance of the sheet of material after the one or more preliminary oxide formation operations. The method proceeds on a first path in response to a first result of the capacitance test and on a second path in response to a second result of the capacitance test. The first path includes performing a second set of the one or more preliminary oxide formation operations on the sheet of material so as to reduce the capacitance of the sheet of material below the determined capacitance. The second path excludes performing any preliminary oxide formation operations on the sheet of material.

Fabricating an electrode for capacitor includes performing a first set of one or more preliminary oxide formation operations on a sheet of material. The method also includes performing a capacitance test on the sheet of material so as to determine the capacitance of the sheet of material after the one or more preliminary oxide formation operations. The method proceeds on a first path in response to a first result of the capacitance test and on a second path in response to a second result of the capacitance test. The first path includes performing a second set of the one or more preliminary oxide formation operations on the sheet of material so as to reduce the capacitance of the sheet of material below the determined capacitance. The second path excludes performing any preliminary oxide formation operations on the sheet of material.

A system is configured for machining a workpiece (100), the workpiece includes an interior surface (110) that defines an internal passage (112). The system includes an electrode (116) located within the internal passage and electrically isolated from the workpiece, an electrolyte supply, a power supply, and a remover. The electrolyte supply is configured for circulating an electrolyte in a gap between the electrode and the workpiece. The power supply is configured for applying a voltage between the electrode and the workpiece to facilitate smoothing the interior surface. The remover is configured for completely removing the electrode from within the internal passage after smoothing the interior surface.