Methods of forming a crystalline strontium titanate layer may include providing a substrate with a crystal enhancement surface (e.g., Pt), depositing strontium titanate by atomic layer deposition, and conducting a post-deposition anneal to crystallize the strontium titanate. Large single crystal domains may be formed, laterally extending greater distances than the thickness of the strontium titanate and demonstrating greater ordering than the underlying crystal enhancement surface provided to initiate ALD. Functional oxides, particularly perovskite complex oxides, can be heteroepitaxially deposited over the crystallized STO.

Methods of forming a crystalline strontium titanate layer may include providing a substrate with a crystal enhancement surface (e.g., Pt), depositing strontium titanate by atomic layer deposition, and conducting a post-deposition anneal to crystallize the strontium titanate. Large single crystal domains may be formed, laterally extending greater distances than the thickness of the strontium titanate and demonstrating greater ordering than the underlying crystal enhancement surface provided to initiate ALD. Functional oxides, particularly perovskite complex oxides, can be heteroepitaxially deposited over the crystallized STO.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for preparing a graphite-titanium oxide composite comprises (S1) a surface-modifying graphite with benzyl alcohol or a cellulose-based material using a sol-gel method, (S2) distributing the surface-modified graphite in a solvent, adding a titanium precursor to the solvent, and mixing the titanium precursor with the surface-modified graphite to obtain a graphite-titanium mixture, and (S3) thermally treating the graphite-titanium mixture to grow a titanium oxide on a surface of the graphite.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method for preparing a graphite-titanium oxide composite comprises (S1) a surface-modifying graphite with benzyl alcohol or a cellulose-based material using a sol-gel method, (S2) distributing the surface-modified graphite in a solvent, adding a titanium precursor to the solvent, and mixing the titanium precursor with the surface-modified graphite to obtain a graphite-titanium mixture, and (S3) thermally treating the graphite-titanium mixture to grow a titanium oxide on a surface of the graphite.

The present application discloses a nonlinear optical crystal material, preparation method and application of the nonlinear optical crystal material. The nonlinear optical crystal material has an excellent infrared nonlinear optical performance, whose frequency-doubling intensity can reach 9.3 times of AgGaS.sub.2 with the same particle size, and it meets type-I phase matching; and its laser damage threshold can reach 7.5 times of AgGaS.sub.2 with the same particle size. The nonlinear optical crystal material has important application value in the frequency-converters which can be used for frequency doubling, sum frequency, difference frequency, optical parametric oscillation of laser in mid and far infrared waveband, and the like.

The present application discloses a nonlinear optical crystal material, preparation method and application of the nonlinear optical crystal material. The nonlinear optical crystal material has an excellent infrared nonlinear optical performance, whose frequency-doubling intensity can reach 9.3 times of AgGaS.sub.2 with the same particle size, and it meets type-I phase matching; and its laser damage threshold can reach 7.5 times of AgGaS.sub.2 with the same particle size. The nonlinear optical crystal material has important application value in the frequency-converters which can be used for frequency doubling, sum frequency, difference frequency, optical parametric oscillation of laser in mid and far infrared waveband, and the like.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for synthesis of submicron-scale or micron-scale single crystal cathode (SCC) material, such as NMC, using a feedstock and microwave plasma processing. Microwave plasma processing of these SCC materials provides a low cost, scalable approach. In some embodiments, advanced SCC materials may be synthesized through microwave plasma processing of feedstock materials, wherein the SCC materials may comprise at least 80% nickel. In some embodiments, the microwave plasma processing may enable synthesis of SCC materials with very short calcination.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for synthesis of submicron-scale or micron-scale single crystal cathode (SCC) material, such as NMC, using a feedstock and microwave plasma processing. Microwave plasma processing of these SCC materials provides a low cost, scalable approach. In some embodiments, advanced SCC materials may be synthesized through microwave plasma processing of feedstock materials, wherein the SCC materials may comprise at least 80% nickel. In some embodiments, the microwave plasma processing may enable synthesis of SCC materials with very short calcination.

An electro-optical waveguide modulator device includes a seed layer on a substrate, the seed layer having a first crystallographic plane aligned with a surface of the seed layer, an electro-optical channel extending in a first direction on the seed layer and having a second crystallographic plane aligned with the surface of the seed layer, an insulator layer on both sides of the electro-optical channel on the substrate in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, an electrode barrier layer on the electro-optical channel and the insulator layer, and one or more of electrodes extending in the second direction. The seed layer and the insulator layer each comprise material having a refractive index that is lower than the electro-optical channel.

A recycling and synthesis of charge material for secondary batteries generates single-crystal charge materials for producing batteries with greater charge cycle longevity. Charge material particles undergo a heating for fusing or enhancing grain boundaries between polycrystalline particles. The resulting, more well-defined grain boundaries are easily etched by a relatively weak mineral acid solution. The acid solution removes material at the grain boundaries to separate secondary particles into primary particles along the grain boundaries. The resulting single crystal (monocrystalline) charge material particles are washed and filtered, and typically re-sintered to accommodate any needed lithium (lithium carbonate), and result in a charge material with larger surface area, higher lithium diffusivity and lower cation ordering.