A solution deposition method includes: applying a liquid precursor solution to a substrate, the precursor solution including an oxide of a first metal, a hydroxide of the first metal, or a combination thereof, dissolved in an aqueous ammonia solution; evaporating the precursor solution to directly form a solid seed layer on the substrate, the seed layer including an oxide of the first metal, a hydroxide of the first metal, or a combination thereof, the seed layer being substantially free of organic compounds; and growing a bulk layer on the substrate, using the seed layer as a growth site or a nucleation site.

The present disclosure generally relates to compositions comprising substrate-free crystalline 2D bismuthene, and the method of making and using the substrate-free crystalline 2D bismuthene.

The present disclosure generally relates to compositions comprising substrate-free crystalline 2D bismuthene, and the method of making and using the substrate-free crystalline 2D bismuthene.

The present application describes a process for the preparation of titanium-based compounds having an anatase type structure with cationic vacancies arising from a partial substitution of oxygen atoms by fluorine atoms and hydroxyl groups. Electrochemically active materials comprising the titanium-based compounds for use in lithium-ion battery electrodes are also described.

The present application describes a process for the preparation of titanium-based compounds having an anatase type structure with cationic vacancies arising from a partial substitution of oxygen atoms by fluorine atoms and hydroxyl groups. Electrochemically active materials comprising the titanium-based compounds for use in lithium-ion battery electrodes are also described.

The invention relates to a particularly energy efficient, two-step method and to a system for the continuous or semicontinuous production of crystalline calcium carbonate (precipitated calcium carbonate, PCC) by reacting calcium hydroxide with CO.sub.2, the calcium hydroxide being lime milk. In the first step of the germination, the CO.sub.2-source is exclusively flue gas having a CO.sub.2-content of between 4-25% <sb/><sb/>. In the second step, the complete conversion of the lime milk reacted in the first step to a maximum of 90%, preferably between 10-90%, is carried out exclusively using a rich gas which comprises 30-99% CO.sub.2, preferably using biogas.

The invention relates to a particularly energy efficient, two-step method and to a system for the continuous or semicontinuous production of crystalline calcium carbonate (precipitated calcium carbonate, PCC) by reacting calcium hydroxide with CO.sub.2, the calcium hydroxide being lime milk. In the first step of the germination, the CO.sub.2-source is exclusively flue gas having a CO.sub.2-content of between 4-25% <sb/><sb/>. In the second step, the complete conversion of the lime milk reacted in the first step to a maximum of 90%, preferably between 10-90%, is carried out exclusively using a rich gas which comprises 30-99% CO.sub.2, preferably using biogas.

A nonlinear optical crystal of cesium fluorooxoborate, and a method of preparation and use thereof. The crystal has a chemical formula of CsB.sub.4O.sub.6F and a molecular weight of 291.15. It belongs to an orthorhombic crystal system, with a space group of Pna2.sub.1, crystal cell parameters of a=7.9241 , b=11.3996 , c=6.6638 , and ===90, and a unit cell volume of 601.95 .sup.3. A melt method, high temperature solution method, vacuum encapsulation method, hydrothermal method or room temperature solution method is used to grow the crystal of CsB.sub.4O.sub.6F.

A nonlinear optical crystal of cesium fluorooxoborate, and a method of preparation and use thereof. The crystal has a chemical formula of CsB.sub.4O.sub.6F and a molecular weight of 291.15. It belongs to an orthorhombic crystal system, with a space group of Pna2.sub.1, crystal cell parameters of a=7.9241 , b=11.3996 , c=6.6638 , and ===90, and a unit cell volume of 601.95 .sup.3. A melt method, high temperature solution method, vacuum encapsulation method, hydrothermal method or room temperature solution method is used to grow the crystal of CsB.sub.4O.sub.6F.

Provided is a cathode active material that can simultaneously improve the capacity characteristics, output characteristics, and cycling characteristics of a rechargeable battery when used as cathode material for a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery. After performing nucleation by controlling an aqueous solution for nucleation that includes a metal compound that includes at least a transition metal and an ammonium ion donor so that the pH value becomes 12.0 to 14.0 (nucleation process), nuclei are caused to grow by controlling aqueous solution for particle growth that includes the nuclei so that the pH value is less than in the nucleation process and is 10.5 to 12.0 (particle growth process). When doing this, the reaction atmosphere in the nucleation process and at the beginning of the particle growth process is a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and in the particle growth process, atmosphere control by which the reaction atmosphere is switched from this non-oxidizing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere, and is then switched again to a non-oxidizing atmosphere is performed at least one time. Cathode active material is obtained with the composite hydroxide particles that are obtained by this kind of crystallization reaction as a precursor.