Disclosed herein are methods of preparing a composition comprising crystalline biomolecules, for example, crystalline antibodies. In exemplary embodiments, the method comprises forming a fluidized bed of crystalline biomolecules using, for example, a counter-flow centrifuge to exchange buffer and/or to concentrate the crystalline biomolecules in a solution. Also provided are methods of detecting crystalline biomolecules and/or amorphous biomolecules in a sample.

The invention is a high-throughput voltage screening crystallographic device and methodology that uses multiple micro wells and electric circuits capable of assaying different crystallization condition for the same or different proteins of interest at the same of different voltages under a humidity and temperature controlled environment. The protein is solubilized in a lipid matrix similar to the lipid composition of the protein in the native environment to ensure stability of the protein during crystallization. The invention provides a system and method where the protein is transferred to a lipid matrix that holds a resting membrane potential, which reduces the degree of conformational freedom of the protein. The invention overcomes the majority of the difficulties associated with vapor diffusion techniques and essentially reconstitutes the protein in its native lipid environment under cuasi physiological conditions.

A polarizing apparatus includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator to irradiate a target film with an electromagnetic wave to heat the target film; and an electric charge generator to apply an electric field to the target film.

A polarizing apparatus includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator to irradiate a target film with an electromagnetic wave to heat the target film; and an electric charge generator to apply an electric field to the target film.

Disclosed is a method for facilitating preparation of high quality crystals suitable for X-ray crystallographic studies. The method comprises that an electric charge or current is provided to a saturated solution of the molecule to be crystallized, preferably via a jet of gaseous ions. Also disclosed is an assembly for carrying out the method of the invention.

Disclosed is a method for facilitating preparation of high quality crystals suitable for X-ray crystallographic studies. The method comprises that an electric charge or current is provided to a saturated solution of the molecule to be crystallized, preferably via a jet of gaseous ions. Also disclosed is an assembly for carrying out the method of the invention.

Electrochemical liquid phase epitaxy (ec-LPE) processes and devices are provided that can form precipitated epitaxial crystalline films or layers on a substrate. The precipitated films may comprise a semiconductor, such as germanium, silicon, or carbon. Dissolution into, saturation within, and precipitation of the semiconductor from a liquid metal electrode (e.g., Hg pool) near an interface region with a substrate yields a polycrystalline semiconductor material deposited as an epitaxial film. Reactor cells for use in an electrochemical liquid phase epitaxy (ec-LPE) device are also provided that include porous membranes to facilitate formation of the precipitated epitaxial crystalline films.

A method of making a quasi-phase-matching (QPM) structure comprising the steps of: applying a pattern to a substrate to define a plurality of growth regions and a plurality of voids; growing in a growth chamber a crystalline inorganic material on only the growth regions in the pattern, the crystalline inorganic material having a first polarity; applying an electric field within the growth chamber containing the patterned substrate with the crystalline inorganic material, wherein the electric field reaches throughout the growth chamber; and growing a crystalline organic material having a second polarity in the voids formed in the inorganic material under the influence of the electric field to influence the magnitude and the direction of the second polarity of the crystalline organic material, wherein the second polarity of the crystalline organic material is influenced to be different from the first polarity of the crystalline inorganic material in magnitude and/or direction.

A method of making a quasi-phase-matching (QPM) structure comprising the steps of: applying a pattern to a substrate to define a plurality of growth regions and a plurality of voids; growing in a growth chamber a crystalline inorganic material on only the growth regions in the pattern, the crystalline inorganic material having a first polarity; applying an electric field within the growth chamber containing the patterned substrate with the crystalline inorganic material, wherein the electric field reaches throughout the growth chamber; and growing a crystalline organic material having a second polarity in the voids formed in the inorganic material under the influence of the electric field to influence the magnitude and the direction of the second polarity of the crystalline organic material, wherein the second polarity of the crystalline organic material is influenced to be different from the first polarity of the crystalline inorganic material in magnitude and/or direction.

Integrated non-linear complex oxide (NLCO) thin film artificial structures include tailored microstructural and crystalline phases for designed material architectures and a method of fabrication. A nano-scale poly crystal-amorphous composite film includes an amorphous matrix surrounding crystalline domains/inclusions of the form of particles, platelets, rods and/or needles, etc. Artificial thin film layered material configurations include bilayers, repeat unit cell bilayers with variable stacking periodicity (N), and multilayers whereby each individual layer, ni, exhibits a different microstructural crystallinity phase state, hence the microstructural phase state is variable in the vertical direction perpendicular to the substrate. NLCO elements can be organized in array configurations. The method to create the integrated NLCO thin film artificial structures combines metal-organic solution deposition (MOSD) film fabrication and microwave irradiation (MWI) processing, is tailorable and creates artificial thin film material structures composed of differing microstructural crystalline phase states simultaneously within a single thermal treatment step.