The present invention provides a safe, disposable and biodegradable chlorine dioxide micro generator that uses water soluble paper and hydrogel or compressed cellulose encased in filter paper pouch. The chemicals are kept in a stabilize form until activated by the addition of water. Multiple levels of protection against early exposure to water such as a foil pouch and an impermeable outer container allow for the safe transportation and storage in small, ready for deployment amounts of the chemicals. Water permeated the chemical pack housing and dissolves the paper walls of the chemical pouch housing and then the water facilitates the reaction between the acid and the sodium chlorite to form chlorine dioxide gas as will be described further hereunder. Absorbent and permeable materials packaged around the chemicals provide for the safe containment of the chlorine dioxide solution, and the expeditious aeration and release of the chlorine dioxide gas, once the chemical reaction has been completed.

Peroxides and chlorine dioxide (compounds) can be stabilized for long periods of time (years) by combining the compounds with water that has been infused with dioxytetrahydride gas. Such stabilized materials can be used to infuse soft, solid substrates that can be used as sterile wipes, wound dressings, or the like.

Apparatuses for generation of a gas, for example chlorine dioxide, methods of forming an apparatus, and methods of use thereof are provided. The apparatus may include at least one pouch composed of a hydrophobic material and a reactant disposed within the interior of the pouch. The reactant generates a desired gas in the presence of an initiating agent.

A device for generating and dispersing chlorine dioxide which includes a housing, at least one removeable tray having a plurality of compartments contained within an interior of the housing, and a fan in communication with the interior of the housing and the exterior of the housing for directing a current of chlorine dioxide gas that is generated from chemicals that are positioned within the removeable tray(s).

Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.

Devices and methods for safely using acid/chlorite ClO.sub.2 generator chemistry for water treatment, whereby a valve prevents chemical draw unless there is both vacuum within the reaction chamber as well as suitable water volume in the flow chamber for dilution, are described. The float-dependent valve can also allow for direct venting from the reaction chamber to the flow chamber in the event of elevated pressure in the reaction chamber. This approach delivers an inherently safer ClO.sub.2 generator design for systems that utilize high strength reactor zones with ClO.sub.2 concentration above 3,000 ppm.

A scalable, portable and modular chlorine dioxide fumigant decontamination system having an activating area and a neutralizing area which may be housed separately or as a single operationally connected unit, and which may be configured as a closed loop system connected to a decontamination chamber for decontamination of articles, or as an open loop system for decontamination of interiors and large confined spaces, and employing a specialized activating cup that is permeable to air yet substantially impermeable to water and chlorine dioxide reaction by-products such that directing air through the activation cup releases nearly pure chlorine dioxide fumigant. Methods and articles relating to the system are also described.

A chemical disinfection process for vehicles using chlorine dioxide and titanium dioxide with calculated re-treatment formulas and schedules based on bacterial infestation data. Systems and methods that include client devices and servers that monitor and control a chemical disinfection process. The system generates a surety arrangement that facilitates re-treatment and electronic notification alerts to chemical solution vendors, dealers and vehicle owners.

The present invention provides a method for producing a substance with a modified carbon allotrope surface that can suppress or prevent uneven distribution, uneven orientation, and the like of a structural analysis target substance in a structural analysis by cryo-electron microscopy. A method for producing a substance with a modified carbon allotrope surface of the present invention includes: the step of surface-treating by reacting a carbon allotrope surface with a halogen oxide radical, wherein the carbon allotrope surface is modified by the surface-treating.

A scalable, portable and modular chlorine dioxide fumigant decontamination system having an activating area and a neutralizing area which may be housed separately or as a single operationally connected unit, and which may be configured as a closed loop system connected to a decontamination chamber for decontamination of articles, or as an open loop system for decontamination of interiors and large confined spaces, and employing a specialized activating cup that is permeable to air yet substantially impermeable to water and chlorine dioxide reaction by-products such that directing air through the activation cup releases nearly pure chlorine dioxide fumigant. Methods and articles relating to the system are also described.