Provided are sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate crystals capable of long-term storage that have improved stability of sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate, which is effective as an oxidizing 5 agent or bactericide, in the vicinity of normal temperatures, and a method for producing the same. The sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate crystals are such that peaks appear at the locations of the angles of diffraction described in Table 1 of claim 1 over a range of 10°≤2θ (angle of diffraction)≤65° as measured by powder X-ray diffraction using a Cukα radiation source.

An anti-microbial formulation for seed and crop application includes about 170 ppm hypochlorous acid; about 25 ppm hypochlorite ion; about 2.5 ppm ozone; about 2.5 ppm chlorine dioxide; between about 10 ppm and about 100,000 ppm alkyl polyglycoside; and a remainder of water. A method of manipulating the pH of the formulation and a method of treating seeds and crops with the formulation to restrict or eliminate microbial growth and proliferation is also described herein.

An anti-microbial formulation for seed and crop application includes about 170 ppm hypochlorous acid; about 25 ppm hypochlorite ion; about 2.5 ppm ozone; about 2.5 ppm chlorine dioxide; between about 10 ppm and about 100,000 ppm alkyl polyglycoside; and a remainder of water. A method of manipulating the pH of the formulation and a method of treating seeds and crops with the formulation to restrict or eliminate microbial growth and proliferation is also described herein.

Marine engine exhaust includes pollutants such as CO.sub.2, NO.sub.x and SO.sub.x. An onboard system and method for the simultaneous removal of these pollutants includes obtaining seawater from the water on which the marine vessel travels, purifying the seawater to remove a portion of hard ions, concentrating the seawater to yield a concentrated brine solution, treating the concentrated brine solution with a chemical softener to yield a treated brine solution, acidifying the treated brine solution, and utilizing the acidified brine solution in a chlor-alkali process to yield sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide can be used in an acid gas scrubber to remove CO.sub.2, NO.sub.x, and SO.sub.x from the marine engine exhaust gas.

A method for producing a quaternary alkylammonium hypochlorite solution, includes a preparation step of preparing a quaternary alkylammonium hydroxide solution, and a reaction step of bringing the quaternary alkylammonium hydroxide solution into contact with chlorine, wherein a carbon dioxide concentration in a gas phase portion in the reaction step is 100 ppm by volume or less, and pH of a liquid phase portion in the reaction step is 10.5 or more.

A method and apparatus for producing a biocide from a hypochlorite oxidant and an ammonium salt are provided. The method includes monitoring a control parameter to optimize the ratio between the hypochlorite oxidant and the ammonium salt. The control parameter may be oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, induction or oxygen saturation.

A method and apparatus for producing a biocide from a hypochlorite oxidant and an ammonium salt are provided. The method includes monitoring a control parameter to optimize the ratio between the hypochlorite oxidant and the ammonium salt. The control parameter may be oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, induction or oxygen saturation.

Asymmetric electrochemical cell apparatus, and methods of operating such apparatus to produce electrolyzed water.

Asymmetric electrochemical cell apparatus, and methods of operating such apparatus to produce electrolyzed water.

The invention relates generally to disinfecting solutions and, more particularly, to systems and methods for producing disinfecting solutions having a prolonged shelf life. One embodiment provides a system comprising: a dispensing device; a chlorine-containing liquid or powder contained within the dispensing device; a container affixed to the dispensing device; and a receiving liquid within the container, wherein the dispensing device is adapted to deliver the chlorine-containing liquid or powder directly into the container.