It has now been discovered that a shaped article containing calcium hypochlorite has low reactivity in handling, storage and transportation as well as has a favorable dissolution (solubility) profile, when the shaped article contains lime and a hydrated magnesium sulfate. The shaped article has a NFPA rating of Class 1 oxidizer and is a non-Division 5.1 oxidizer.

Marine engine exhaust includes pollutants such as CO.sub.2, NOR.sub.x and SO.sub.x. An onboard system and method for the simultaneous removal of these pollutants includes obtaining seawater from the water on which the marine vessel travels, purifying the seawater to remove a portion of hard ions, concentrating the seawater to yield a concentrated brine solution, treating the concentrated brine solution with a chemical softener to yield a treated brine solution, acidifying the treated brine solution, and utilizing the acidified brine solution in a chlor-alkali process to yield sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide can be used in an acid gas scrubber to remove CO.sub.2, NO.sub.x, and SO.sub.x from the marine engine exhaust gas.

An anti-microbial formulation for seed and crop application includes about 170 ppm hypochlorous acid; about 25 ppm hypochlorite ion; about 2.5 ppm ozone; about 2.5 ppm chlorine dioxide; between about 10 ppm and about 100,000 ppm alkyl polyglycoside; and a remainder of water. A method of manipulating the pH of the formulation and a method of treating seeds and crops with the formulation to restrict or eliminate microbial growth and proliferation is also described herein.

An anti-microbial formulation for seed and crop application includes about 170 ppm hypochlorous acid; about 25 ppm hypochlorite ion; about 2.5 ppm ozone; about 2.5 ppm chlorine dioxide; between about 10 ppm and about 100,000 ppm alkyl polyglycoside; and a remainder of water. A method of manipulating the pH of the formulation and a method of treating seeds and crops with the formulation to restrict or eliminate microbial growth and proliferation is also described herein.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a new disinfectant from sodium hypochlorite that has degraded in quality during storage. A method for manufacturing a novel disinfectant from a solution containing hypochlorite ions, chlorate ions, and chloride ions, wherein the method includes: a first reaction step for adding sulfuric acid to the solution and generating chlorine gas; a step in which, in a recovery liquid A, the generated chlorine gas is caused to react with sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide and recovered as hypochlorite ions; a second reaction step for adding, to a reaction mother liquid after the first reaction step, sulfuric acid having a higher concentration than that in the first reaction step, and generating chlorine dioxide gas; a step in which, in a recovery liquid B, the generated chlorine dioxide gas is caused to react with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide and recovered as chlorite ions; and a step for mixing the recovery liquid A and the recovery liquid B and obtaining a novel disinfectant.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a new disinfectant from sodium hypochlorite that has degraded in quality during storage. A method for manufacturing a novel disinfectant from a solution containing hypochlorite ions, chlorate ions, and chloride ions, wherein the method includes: a first reaction step for adding sulfuric acid to the solution and generating chlorine gas; a step in which, in a recovery liquid A, the generated chlorine gas is caused to react with sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide and recovered as hypochlorite ions; a second reaction step for adding, to a reaction mother liquid after the first reaction step, sulfuric acid having a higher concentration than that in the first reaction step, and generating chlorine dioxide gas; a step in which, in a recovery liquid B, the generated chlorine dioxide gas is caused to react with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide and recovered as chlorite ions; and a step for mixing the recovery liquid A and the recovery liquid B and obtaining a novel disinfectant.

Disclosed herein are processes for producing highly concentrated bleach slurries containing a mixture of crystals of solid sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate in a liquid phase saturated in sodium hypochlorite and containing sodium hydroxide or other alkaline stabilizers. Bleach slurries and compositions exhibiting enhanced stability are also disclosed.

Disclosed herein are processes for producing highly concentrated bleach slurries containing a mixture of crystals of solid sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate in a liquid phase saturated in sodium hypochlorite and containing sodium hydroxide or other alkaline stabilizers. Bleach slurries and compositions exhibiting enhanced stability are also disclosed.

Methods for analyzing a fluid sample can include providing a sensor comprising a non-conductive housing and having a first face and an electrode array mounted in the first face. The method can include disposing the first face of the housing into a fluid sample to be analyzed, selecting a mode of operation, and initiating sensor operation. Modes of operation can include electrochemical operation and conductivity analysis, and can be selected via positioning a switch. The method can include receiving information from the sensor regarding at least one parameter of the fluid. Such parameters can include a concentration of a target constituent in the fluid sample, combined concentrations of different species within the fluid sample, and/or information indicative of the conductivity of the fluid sample.

Battery electrolytes comprising: (a) a solvent suitable for use in a battery electrolyte such as an organic liquid solvent or an ionic liquid; (b) a lithium ion or sodium ion salt suitable for use in a battery electrolyte; and (c) a dispersion of nanoparticles of carbon, metal or metalloid oxides or hydroxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, graphene or MXene particles; or a combination thereof. The present invention is also directed to battery cells and batteries comprising these electrolytes and devices comprising these battery cells and batteries.