The present invention provides compositions comprising comminuted sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate crystals with an average length-to-diameter ratio of less than about 20:1, and a mother liquor saturated in sodium hypochlorite, which has excess alkalinity and/or one or more additional alkali or alkali earth metal salts. Processes for preparing these compositions will be presented.

Apparatuses, systems, and methods for removing acid gases from a gas stream are provided. Gas streams include waste gas streams or natural gas streams. The methods include obtaining a hypochlorite and a carbonate or bicarbonate in an aqueous mixture, and mixing the aqueous mixture with the gas stream to produce sulfates or nitrates from sulfur-based and nitrogen-based acidic gases. Some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to produce the carbonate and/or bicarbonate scrubbing reagent from CO.sub.2 in the gas stream. Still others are disclosed.

High strength, low salt solutions of alkali hypochlorite (e.g. sodium hypochlorite) can advantageously be produced in a system comprising a subsystem in which alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine are reacted to produce alkali hypochlorite and salt solids in a crystallizer, while drawing a vacuum in the crystallizer. In a system comprising a chlor-alkali plant, the alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine can be directly obtained (i.e. without concentrating) from the electrolyzer in the plant. A net energy savings in the system can be achieved and water consumption in the chlor-alkali plant can be substantially decreased by returning chlorinated condensate from the crystallizer to the recycle line in the chlor-alkali plant. Salt can be efficiently recovered by redissolving the salt solids produced in depleted brine and returning it directly to the electrolyzer. As a result, high strength, low salt hypochlorite can be produced without the need to evaporate caustic.

An electrolysis device may include a housing having a cavity that is configured to receive a precursor solution. The precursor solution may include chloride. An electrolysis circuit may be located in the cavity of the housing. The electrolysis circuit may include a power source, a first electrode and a second electrode electrically coupled to the power source, and a control circuit electrically coupled to the power source and the first and second electrodes. Upon the control circuit being activated while the precursor liquid operably couples the first and second electrodes together, the electrolysis circuit may be configured to generate a hypochlorite solution from the precursor solution.

An electrolysis device may include a housing having a cavity that is configured to receive a precursor solution. The precursor solution may include chloride. An electrolysis circuit may be located in the cavity of the housing. The electrolysis circuit may include a power source, a first electrode and a second electrode electrically coupled to the power source, and a control circuit electrically coupled to the power source and the first and second electrodes. Upon the control circuit being activated while the precursor liquid operably couples the first and second electrodes together, the electrolysis circuit may be configured to generate a hypochlorite solution from the precursor solution.

An anti-microbial formulation for seed and crop application is a formulation including only between about 1 ppm and about 100 ppm hypochlorous acid; between about 1 ppm and about 300 ppm alkyl polyglycoside, wherein sufficient amount of alkyl polyglycoside is present such that the formulation has a pH between about 5.2 and about 7.8; and a remainder water. A method of manipulating the pH of the formulation and a method of treating seeds and crops with the formulation to restrict or eliminate microbial growth and proliferation is also described herein.

An anti-microbial formulation for seed and crop application is a formulation including only between about 1 ppm and about 100 ppm hypochlorous acid; between about 1 ppm and about 300 ppm alkyl polyglycoside, wherein sufficient amount of alkyl polyglycoside is present such that the formulation has a pH between about 5.2 and about 7.8; and a remainder water. A method of manipulating the pH of the formulation and a method of treating seeds and crops with the formulation to restrict or eliminate microbial growth and proliferation is also described herein.

To provide a method and an apparatus for producing a sodium hypochlorite solution on-site at a high efficiency and at the initial cost and suppressing operating cost without any problems about impurities derived from raw material water and raw salt. A method of producing a sodium hypochlorite solution on-site in the vicinity of a physical plant where a sodium hypochlorite solution is used. In production of a sodium hypochlorite solution by feeding secondary salt water, in an electrolyzer comparted into an anode chamber and a cathode chamber with an ion-exchange membrane, to the anode chamber and allowing components in the anode chamber and the cathode chamber after electrolysis to react in a reaction tank, there are included respective steps of treating raw material water A with a cation-exchange resin B to generate purified water 5, dissolving raw salt D in the purified water to generate primary salt water E, performing an examination for confirming the presence or absence of a precipitate or suspended solid in the primary salt water, and directly performing chelating in the case of no precipitate or suspended solid contained in the primary salt water, or performing chelating after addition of an acid component for dissolution of the precipitate or suspended solid in the case of the precipitate or suspended solid contained therein, to generate secondary salt water 4.

A method of manufacturing a dry solid comprising a hypochlorite and a chlorite may include preparing a solution comprising a hypochlorite ion, a chlorate ion, and a chloride ion; a first reaction step for adding sulfuric acid to the solution to generate chlorine gas; reacting the generated chlorine gas with sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide and recovering a reaction product as a hypochlorite ion in recovery liquid A; a second reaction step for adding sulfuric acid to a reaction mother liquor after the first reaction step at a concentration that is higher than that in the first reaction step to generate chlorine dioxide gas; reacting the generated chlorine dioxide gas with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide and recovering a reaction product as a chlorite ion in recovery liquid B; mixing recovery liquid A with recovery liquid B; and drying and solidifying the resulting mixture.

A method and apparatus for producing a biocide from a hypochlorite oxidant and an ammonium salt are provided. The method includes monitoring a control parameter to optimize the ratio between the hypochlorite oxidant and the ammonium salt. The control parameter may be oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, induction or oxygen saturation.