A lithiated carbon phosphonitride material is made by, for example, reacting P(CN).sub.3 with LiN(CN).sub.2 in solution (for example, dimethoxyethane or pyridine), then drying the solution to obtain the product. The material is a thermoset that is stable to over 400 C. and exhibits up to 10.sup.3 S.Math.cm2 of Li.sup.+ conductivity.

A solid electrolyte is constituted by lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON). A multiplication value obtained by multiplying a ratio of a peak intensity of nitrogen atoms having a single bond with one P atom and having a double bond with another P atom to a peak intensity of an N.sub.2 state in a Raman spectroscopy spectrum by a ratio of a content amount of N atoms to a content amount of P atoms is greater than or equal to 0.40.

A solid electrolyte is constituted by lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON). A multiplication value obtained by multiplying a ratio of a peak intensity of nitrogen atoms having a single bond with one P atom and having a double bond with another P atom to a peak intensity of an N.sub.2 state in a Raman spectroscopy spectrum by a ratio of a content amount of N atoms to a content amount of P atoms is greater than or equal to 0.40.

A method for producing phosphoryl triamide OP(NH.sub.2).sub.3 or thiophosphoryl triamide SP(NH.sub.2).sub.3, in which: a) phosphoryl trichloride OPCl.sub.3 or thiophosphoryl trichloride SPCl.sub.3, respectively, is reacted with gaseous ammonia in an apolar liquid phase to give a first precipitate comprising, respectively, phosphoryl triamide or thiophosphoryl triamide, and ammonium chloride, and b) the first precipitate is treated with sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate, in a polar organic liquid phase, to give a second precipitate comprising NaCl and the phosphoryl triamide or thiophosphoryl triamide remaining in said polar organic liquid phase, and the second precipitate is separated from the polar organic liquid phase, the latter possibly undergoing a further concentration step to enrich it in phosphoryl triamide or thiophosphoryl triamide.

A method for producing phosphoryl triamide OP(NH.sub.2).sub.3 or thiophosphoryl triamide SP(NH.sub.2).sub.3, in which: a) phosphoryl trichloride OPCl.sub.3 or thiophosphoryl trichloride SPCl.sub.3, respectively, is reacted with gaseous ammonia in an apolar liquid phase to give a first precipitate comprising, respectively, phosphoryl triamide or thiophosphoryl triamide, and ammonium chloride, and b) the first precipitate is treated with sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate, in a polar organic liquid phase, to give a second precipitate comprising NaCl and the phosphoryl triamide or thiophosphoryl triamide remaining in said polar organic liquid phase, and the second precipitate is separated from the polar organic liquid phase, the latter possibly undergoing a further concentration step to enrich it in phosphoryl triamide or thiophosphoryl triamide.

An apparatus for manufacturing a quantum dot is provided, the apparatus including a first supplying part that provides a cationic precursor, a second supplying part that provides an anionic precursor, a mixing part connected to the first supplying part and the second supplying part, and a reaction part including a reaction tube configured to receive a liquid mixture of the cationic precursor and the anionic precursor from the mixing part and a first microwave generator configured to provide a microwave that is transmitted through the reaction tube. Therefore, the apparatus may produce a quantum dot of multi-element compounds.

An apparatus for manufacturing a quantum dot is provided, the apparatus including a first supplying part that provides a cationic precursor, a second supplying part that provides an anionic precursor, a mixing part connected to the first supplying part and the second supplying part, and a reaction part including a reaction tube configured to receive a liquid mixture of the cationic precursor and the anionic precursor from the mixing part and a first microwave generator configured to provide a microwave that is transmitted through the reaction tube. Therefore, the apparatus may produce a quantum dot of multi-element compounds.

Thin film batteries (TFB) are fabricated by a process which eliminates and/or minimizes the use of shadow masks. A selective laser ablation process, where the laser patterning process removes a layer or stack of layers while leaving layer(s) below intact, is used to meet certain or all of the patterning requirements. For die patterning from the substrate side, where the laser beam passes through the substrate before reaching the deposited layers, a die patterning assistance layer, such as an amorphous silicon layer or a microcrystalline silicon layer, may be used to achieve thermal stress mismatch induced laser ablation, which greatly reduces the laser energy required to remove material.

Thin film batteries (TFB) are fabricated by a process which eliminates and/or minimizes the use of shadow masks. A selective laser ablation process, where the laser patterning process removes a layer or stack of layers while leaving layer(s) below intact, is used to meet certain or all of the patterning requirements. For die patterning from the substrate side, where the laser beam passes through the substrate before reaching the deposited layers, a die patterning assistance layer, such as an amorphous silicon layer or a microcrystalline silicon layer, may be used to achieve thermal stress mismatch induced laser ablation, which greatly reduces the laser energy required to remove material.

A material with the empirical formula C.sub.3N.sub.3P is made by polymerizing P(CN).sub.3 in a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, by heating, irradiation with ultraviolet light, and/or using a polymerization initiator and/or a catalyst.