Carbon-based electrode materials including graphite particles bridged by hemispheres of fullerene, as well as methods of synthesizing the carbon-based electrode materials, are disclosed. These carbon-based electrode materials may allow for decreased irreversible capacity loss during cycling in lithium-ion battery systems.

Carbon-based electrode materials including graphite particles bridged by hemispheres of fullerene, as well as methods of synthesizing the carbon-based electrode materials, are disclosed. These carbon-based electrode materials may allow for decreased irreversible capacity loss during cycling in lithium-ion battery systems.

Provided is a thin film which has an infrared absorbance of at least 0, but less than 0.100, as measured using a p-polarized light method.

Provided are a hardmask composition and a method of forming a fine pattern using the hardmask composition, the hardmask composition including a solvent, a 2D carbon nanostructure (and/or a derivative thereof), and a 0D carbon nanostructure (and/or a derivative thereof).

Provided are a hardmask composition and a method of forming a fine pattern using the hardmask composition, the hardmask composition including a solvent, a 2D carbon nanostructure (and/or a derivative thereof), and a 0D carbon nanostructure (and/or a derivative thereof).

Superconductive fullerenes, methods for enhancing characteristics of superconductive fullerenes and devices incorporating the fullerenes are disclosed. Enhancements can include increase in the critical transition temperature at a constant magnetic field; the existence of a superconducting hysteresis over a changing magnetic field; a decrease in the stabilizing magnetic field required for the onset of superconductivity; and/or an increase in the stability of superconductivity over a large magnetic field. The enhancements can be brought about by transmitting electromagnetic radiation to the superconductive fullerene such that the electromagnetic radiation impinges on the fullerene with an energy that is greater than the band gap of the fullerene.

Sheets of graphene-based material comprising single layer graphene and suitable for formation of a plurality of perforations in the single layer graphene are provided. In an aspect, the sheets of graphene-based material are formed by chemical vapor deposition followed by one or more conditioning steps. In a further aspect, the sheets of graphene-based material include non-graphenic carbon-based material and may be characterized the amount, mobility and/or volatility of the non-graphenic carbon-based material.

A process for the nitrogen doping of a material includes a set of carbon atoms in the sp.sup.2 hybridization state. The process further includes the material not being oxidized beforehand, then placing the material in contact with dinitrogen. Irradiating the material and the dinitrogen placed in contact with a beam of electrons or of light ions whose energy is greater than or equal to 0.1 MeV, to obtain a material wherein some of the carbon atoms in the sp.sup.2 hybridization state is nitrogen-doped.

Carbon materials having carbon aggregates, where the aggregates include carbon nanoparticles and no seed particles, are disclosed. In various embodiments, the nanoparticles include graphene, optionally with multi-walled spherical fullerenes and/or another carbon allotrope. In various embodiments, the nanoparticles and aggregates have different combinations of: a Raman spectrum with a 2D-mode peak and a G-mode peak, and a 2D/G intensity ratio greater than 0.5, a low concentration of elemental impurities, a high Brunauer-Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area, a large particle size, and/or a high electrical conductivity. Methods are provided to produce the carbon materials.

An organic solar cell comprises a photoactive layer that comprises at least one donor polymer and two non-fullerene molecular acceptors. Further, an organic solar cell comprises a photoactive layer that comprises one donor polymer, one fullerene acceptor, and one non-fullerene molecular acceptor. The donor polymer may exhibit temperature dependent aggregation (TDA) properties in solution, wherein the absorption onset of the polymer solution exhibits a red shift of at least 80 nm when the solution is cooled from 100? C. to room temperature or the absorption onset of the polymer solution exhibits a red shift of at least 40 nm when the solution is cooled from 100? C. to 0? C.