Provided is a carbon material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, which has a small particle diameter, high initial charge-discharge efficiency, and a high 2C discharge rate, and achieves both input-output characteristics and durability. Disclosed is a carbon material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, in which a 50% by volume particle diameter in a cumulative frequency distribution is 1.0 μm or more and less than 5.0 μm, a specific surface area by a BET method is 6.5 m.sup.2/g or less, a tap density (D.sub.TAP) is 0.70 g/cm.sup.3 or more, and a Raman R value obtained by Raman spectroscopy is more than 0.100 and less than 0.300, and the carbon material has a carbonaceous film on a surface of graphitized material particles of a mesophase microbead.

Provided is a synthetic graphite material, in which a size L (112) of a crystallite in a c-axis direction as calculated from a (112) diffraction line obtained by an X-ray wide angle diffraction method is in a range of 4 to 30 nm, a surface area based on a volume as calculated by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device is in a range of 0.22 to 1.70 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3, an oil absorption is in a range of 67 to 147 mL/100 g, and a half width Δv.sub.G of a peak present in a wavelength range of 1580 cm.sup.−1±100 cm.sup.−1 is in a range of 19 to 24 cm.sup.−1 in Raman spectrum analysis using argon ion laser light having a wavelength of 514.5 nm.

Provided is a synthetic graphite material, in which a size L (112) of a crystallite in a c-axis direction as calculated from a (112) diffraction line obtained by an X-ray wide angle diffraction method is in a range of 4 to 30 nm, a surface area based on a volume as calculated by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device is in a range of 0.22 to 1.70 m.sup.2/cm.sup.3, an oil absorption is in a range of 67 to 147 mL/100 g, and a half width Δv.sub.G of a peak present in a wavelength range of 1580 cm.sup.−1±100 cm.sup.−1 is in a range of 19 to 24 cm.sup.−1 in Raman spectrum analysis using argon ion laser light having a wavelength of 514.5 nm.

Provided are exfoliated graphite that rarely folds, rarely curls, and rarely causes corrosion of an electrode when used as the electrode material, and a method for manufacturing the exfoliated graphite. Exfoliated graphite being graphene or a laminate of graphene sheets, the exfoliated graphite having a ratio 2 D/G of 0.5 or more and 5.0 or less, the ratio 2 D/G being a peak area ratio of a 2 D band to a G band in a Raman. spectrum measured. using Raman spectroscopy, and a halogen content of 1,000 ppm or less.

Provided are exfoliated graphite that rarely folds, rarely curls, and rarely causes corrosion of an electrode when used as the electrode material, and a method for manufacturing the exfoliated graphite. Exfoliated graphite being graphene or a laminate of graphene sheets, the exfoliated graphite having a ratio 2 D/G of 0.5 or more and 5.0 or less, the ratio 2 D/G being a peak area ratio of a 2 D band to a G band in a Raman. spectrum measured. using Raman spectroscopy, and a halogen content of 1,000 ppm or less.

The present application discloses a secondary battery, an apparatus including the secondary battery, artificial graphite and a method for the preparation thereof. The secondary battery includes a negative electrode plate including a negative active material, wherein the negative active material includes an artificial graphite having a numerical particle size D.sub.n10 of at least 1 μm; the artificial graphite has a graphitization degree of 90% to 95%; the negative electrode plate has a compaction density of 1.55 g/cm.sup.3 to 1.75 g/cm.sup.3, and the negative electrode plate has an OI value of at most 15, wherein the OI value of the negative electrode plate represents a ratio C.sub.004/C.sub.110, in which C.sub.004 is the peak area of the diffraction peak of 004 crystal plane of the artificial graphite in the negative electrode plate and C.sub.110 is the peak area of the diffraction peak of 110 crystal plane of the artificial graphite in the negative electrode plate.

The present application discloses a secondary battery, an apparatus including the secondary battery, artificial graphite and a method for the preparation thereof. The secondary battery includes a negative electrode plate including a negative active material, wherein the negative active material includes an artificial graphite having a numerical particle size D.sub.n10 of at least 1 μm; the artificial graphite has a graphitization degree of 90% to 95%; the negative electrode plate has a compaction density of 1.55 g/cm.sup.3 to 1.75 g/cm.sup.3, and the negative electrode plate has an OI value of at most 15, wherein the OI value of the negative electrode plate represents a ratio C.sub.004/C.sub.110, in which C.sub.004 is the peak area of the diffraction peak of 004 crystal plane of the artificial graphite in the negative electrode plate and C.sub.110 is the peak area of the diffraction peak of 110 crystal plane of the artificial graphite in the negative electrode plate.

A process for the production of at least one of amorphous carbon or graphite, preferably of carbon black, from atmospheric air, biogas or flue gas CO2 is given, including at least the following steps: a) isolation of concentrated CO2 of a concentration of at least 50% v/v from atmospheric air, green house air or flue gas preferably by means of a cyclic adsorption/desorption process on amine-functionalized adsorbents; b) conversion of said captured CO2 into a gaseous or liquid saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon by hydrogenation: c) cracking of said saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon to at least one of amorphous carbon or graphite, preferably carbon black, wherein the H2 resulting from step c) is at least partially used in the hydrogenation of step b).

A process for the production of at least one of amorphous carbon or graphite, preferably of carbon black, from atmospheric air, biogas or flue gas CO2 is given, including at least the following steps: a) isolation of concentrated CO2 of a concentration of at least 50% v/v from atmospheric air, green house air or flue gas preferably by means of a cyclic adsorption/desorption process on amine-functionalized adsorbents; b) conversion of said captured CO2 into a gaseous or liquid saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon by hydrogenation: c) cracking of said saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon to at least one of amorphous carbon or graphite, preferably carbon black, wherein the H2 resulting from step c) is at least partially used in the hydrogenation of step b).

An artificial graphite material A. The artificial graphite material A is secondary particles are provided. In some embodiments, a surface roughness η.sub.A of the artificial graphite material A satisfies 6≤η.sub.A≤12. This application further provides an artificial graphite material B. The artificial graphite material B is primary particles, where a surface roughness η.sub.B of the artificial graphite material B satisfies 2.5≤η.sub.B≤5. This application further provides a secondary battery containing the artificial graphite material A and/or the artificial graphite material B and an electric apparatus. The secondary battery provided by this application can have high energy density and long service life.