Synthesizing Janus material including forming a lamellar phase having water layers and organic layers, incorporating nanosheets and a functional agent into the lamellar phase, and attaching the functional agent to the nanosheets in the lamellar phase to form Janus nanosheets.

Synthesizing Janus material including forming a lamellar phase having water layers and organic layers, incorporating nanosheets and a functional agent into the lamellar phase, and attaching the functional agent to the nanosheets in the lamellar phase to form Janus nanosheets.

The disclosure relates to a carbon-based electrode material that has been graphitized to hold ions in the electrode of a battery and more particularly include carbide or carbide and nitride surfaces that protect the graphite core. The preferred batteries include metal ion such as lithium ion batteries where the carbon-based electrode is the anode although the carbon-based electrode may also serve in dual ion batteries where both electrodes may comprise the graphitized carbon-based electrodes. The electrodes are more amorphous than conventional graphite electrodes and include a carbide or nitride containing surface treatment.

A method for recycling spent carbon cathode of aluminum electrolysis includes the following steps: (1) crushing and sieving spent carbon cathode, to obtain carbon particles; (2) mixing the carbon particles with a sulfuric acid solution, to obtain a slurry A, and then performing pressure leaching, to obtain a slurry B; (3) evaporating and concentrating the slurry B until a mass percentage of water is lower than 8%, to obtain a slurry C; (4) adding concentrated sulfuric acid to the slurry C to obtain a slurry D, then roasting the slurry D at 150-300° C. for 0.5-10 h, and then roasting at 300-600° C. for 0.5-8 h, to obtain the roasted carbon; and calcining the roasted carbon at a high temperature, to obtain the purified carbon, or mixing the roasted carbon with a leaching agent, and performing leaching, filtering, and washing, to obtain the purified carbon.

A method for recycling spent carbon cathode of aluminum electrolysis includes the following steps: (1) crushing and sieving spent carbon cathode, to obtain carbon particles; (2) mixing the carbon particles with a sulfuric acid solution, to obtain a slurry A, and then performing pressure leaching, to obtain a slurry B; (3) evaporating and concentrating the slurry B until a mass percentage of water is lower than 8%, to obtain a slurry C; (4) adding concentrated sulfuric acid to the slurry C to obtain a slurry D, then roasting the slurry D at 150-300° C. for 0.5-10 h, and then roasting at 300-600° C. for 0.5-8 h, to obtain the roasted carbon; and calcining the roasted carbon at a high temperature, to obtain the purified carbon, or mixing the roasted carbon with a leaching agent, and performing leaching, filtering, and washing, to obtain the purified carbon.

An object is to provide, with high productivity, a graphite sheet having good thermal diffusivity and interlaminar strength. The object is attained by a method for producing a graphite sheet having a thermal diffusivity of not less than 10.0 cm.sup.2/s, the method including the step of heat-treating a polyimide film to a temperature of not lower than 2,800° C., the polyimide film containing: not less than 0.01% by weight and not more than 0.08% by weight of inorganic particles; and a non-metal additive containing not less than 0.018% by weight and not more than 0.032% by weight of phosphorus.

An object is to provide, with high productivity, a graphite sheet having good thermal diffusivity and interlaminar strength. The object is attained by a method for producing a graphite sheet having a thermal diffusivity of not less than 10.0 cm.sup.2/s, the method including the step of heat-treating a polyimide film to a temperature of not lower than 2,800° C., the polyimide film containing: not less than 0.01% by weight and not more than 0.08% by weight of inorganic particles; and a non-metal additive containing not less than 0.018% by weight and not more than 0.032% by weight of phosphorus.

A method for making crystalline graphite composite includes the following steps: additives are dry blended with a melt-flowable polylignin to form a blend. The blend is heated to create a melted flowable polylignin with the additives dispersed therein. The melted flowable polylignin is then solidified to a grindable form or to a shaped article of polylignin with dispersed additives, after which sufficient heat is provided to thermoset and carbonize the polylignin with dispersed additives. Additional heat is then provided to graphitize the carbonized polylignin and form a crystalline graphite matrix with uniformly dispersed additives.

A multi-stage decomposition reactor and method for thermochemical decomposition (pyrolysis, cracking, direct decomposition) of a hydrocarbon feedstock of various compositions that may include mixtures. The feedstock in a supply flow passing through a heating stage is activated by raising its temperature to a decomposition temperature, dependent on the nature of the feedstock. The physical length of the heating stage and a velocity of flow once activated are tuned such that a heating residence time of the flow is shorter than an average decomposition onset time at the decomposition temperature (e.g., before 1% or more feedstock decomposition). The heating stage is followed by a decomposition stage that supports a decomposition residence time that is longer than the average decomposition onset time. A molten material can be present in the decomposition stage that can be rotated to facilitate mopping up of carbon depositions.

A multi-stage decomposition reactor and method for thermochemical decomposition (pyrolysis, cracking, direct decomposition) of a hydrocarbon feedstock of various compositions that may include mixtures. The feedstock in a supply flow passing through a heating stage is activated by raising its temperature to a decomposition temperature, dependent on the nature of the feedstock. The physical length of the heating stage and a velocity of flow once activated are tuned such that a heating residence time of the flow is shorter than an average decomposition onset time at the decomposition temperature (e.g., before 1% or more feedstock decomposition). The heating stage is followed by a decomposition stage that supports a decomposition residence time that is longer than the average decomposition onset time. A molten material can be present in the decomposition stage that can be rotated to facilitate mopping up of carbon depositions.