The present disclosure relates to a flue gas exhaust system for an industrial furnace, especially a steam reforming furnace. The flue gas exhaust system comprises a stack having an inlet opening for introducing flue gas into the stack and an outlet opening for exhausting flue gas. The inlet opening of the stack is in fluid connection to an outlet of a heat recovery system of the industrial furnace. Further, the fluid connection between said heat recovery system outlet and said stack inlet opening comprises a transition flue gas duct that at least partly embraces a part of the stack.

Integrated process comprising: synthesis of methanol from a methanol synthesis gas (12); synthesis of ammonia from an ammonia make-up gas (25), and synthesis of carbon monoxide from a methane-containing stream, wherein: the synthesis of methanol provides a liquid stream of methanol (13) and a gaseous stream (14) of unreacted synthesis gas; a portion (14a) of said gaseous stream is separated as purge gas; said purge gas is subjected to a hydrogen recovery step, providing a hydrogen-containing stream (19) which is used as a hydrogen source for making the ammonia make-up gas, and a tail gas (20) which is used as a methane source for the synthesis of carbon monoxide by oxidation of a methane-containing stream.

A process for preparing ammonia or ammonia and urea in a facility may involve compressing a crude synthesis gas stream that includes hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, washing a substream of the crude synthesis gas with ammonia to form a purified synthesis gas stream depleted of carbon dioxide and a condensate, synthesizing ammonia from the purified synthesis gas stream, and synthesizing urea from the condensate to form an aqueous urea composition. In the preparation of ammonia and urea, the crude synthesis gas stream may be, after being compressed, divided into a first synthesis gas substream and a second synthesis gas substream. In some instances, only the first synthesis gas substream is scrubbed with liquid ammonia.

A reformer for steam reforming a hydrocarbon-containing mixture, including a combustion chamber, a burner arranged within the combustion chamber, a first reactor tube which is arranged at least in sections within the combustion chamber, a catalyst arranged inside the first reactor tube, and an electrically heatable heating element is arranged inside the first reactor tube.

The present invention discloses a method and a process of producing ammonia from methane extracted from methane-hydrate at the site of methane-hydrate extraction. The method and the process comprise coupled chemical reactions. During the first reaction, carbon dioxide reacts methane-hydrate to produce carbon-dioxide-hydrate and methane: carbon dioxide+methane-hydrate⇄carbon-dioxide-hydrate+methane (CO.sub.2+CH.sub.4-hydrate⇄CO.sub.2-hydrate+CH.sub.4). The produced methane is reacted with water to produced carbon dioxide and hydrogen via the second reaction: methane+water⇄carbon dioxide+hydrogen (CH.sub.4+2H.sub.2O⇄CO.sub.2+4H.sub.2). One embodiment of the second reaction is a combination of the methane steam reforming reaction (CH.sub.4+H.sub.2O⇄CO+3H.sub.2) and the water-gas shift reaction (CO+H.sub.2O⇄CO.sub.2+H.sub.2), both are widely known in the art. The carbon dioxide produced in the second reaction is recycled and used for the first reaction. The hydrogen produced in the second reaction is reacted with nitrogen produced from an air separation process that is known in the art to produce ammonia via the third reaction: nitrogen+hydrogen.fwdarw.ammonia (N.sub.2+3H.sub.2.fwdarw.2NH.sub.3). One embodiment of the third reaction is the well-known Haber-Bosch process. The current invention is related to co-locating the ammonia synthesis at the methane-hydrate extraction sites to minimize the cost of transporting both methane and carbon dioxide over long distances. The process and the associated method also have the advantage of on-site carbon sequestration. The ammonia product produced via the current invention is easily transportable in liquid form from the production sites to the end-use sites as a carbon-free liquid fuel, a fertilizer and a chemical feedstock.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to processes for production of ammonia and hydrogen under low reaction severity using as reactants nitrogen and at least one C1-C4 hydrocarbon, e.g., methane. The disclosed processes are carried out using a heterogeneous catalyst comprising a metal selected from Group 7, Group 8, Group 9, Group 10, Group 11, and combinations thereof; wherein the metal is present in an amount from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt % based on the total weight of the heterogeneous catalyst; and a metal oxide support. The processes can be carried out at about ambient pressure and at a heterogeneous catalyst temperature of from about 50° C. to about 250° C. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Systems and methods are provided for improving the integration of fluidized coking systems that include an associated gasifier with other refinery and/or chemical plant processes. The improved integration can be based on one or more types of integration improvements. In some aspects, the integration can allow for improved carbon capture. In other aspects, the integration can allow for production of higher quality synthesis gas, which can then facilitate production of various chemicals, such as ammonia or urea. In still other aspects, the integration can allow for incorporation of H.sub.2S generated during the fluidized coking and gasification into a fertilizer product. In yet other aspects, the integration can allow the fluidized coking system to continue to operate even when the associated refinery and/or chemicals production processes are off-line. In still other aspects, the integration can allow two or more of the above integration advantages, or three or more, such as up to all of the above integration advantages.

A process for the manufacture of a useful product from carbonaceous feedstock of fluctuating compositional characteristics, comprising the steps of: continuously providing the carbonaceous feedstock of fluctuating compositional characteristics to a gasification zone; gasifying the carbonaceous feedstock in the gasification zone to obtain raw synthesis gas; recovering at least part of the raw synthesis gas from the gasification zone and supplying at least part of the recovered raw synthesis gas to a partial oxidation zone; equilibrating the H.sub.2:CO ratio of the raw synthesis gas in the partial oxidation zone to obtain equilibrated synthesis gas; recovering at least part of the equilibrated synthesis gas from the partial oxidation zone and treating the gas to remove impurities and generate a fine synthesis gas; and converting the optionally adjusted fine synthesis gas into the useful product in a further chemical reaction requiring a usage ratio.

Process for making a hydrogen-containing synthesis gas (105) from a hydrocarbon feedstock (101), comprising the reforming of said hydrocarbon feedstock and purification of raw synthesis gas, said purification comprising shift conversion of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide and subsequent absorption of carbon dioxide into an absorbing medium (7a, 14), resulting in a stream of a CO2-rich medium (5), and regeneration of said medium with recovery of CO2 absorbed therein, wherein said raw synthesis gas (102) is produced by the reforming step at a pressure of at least 45 bar, said regeneration of the CO2-loaded medium includes a step of chemical regeneration and the CO2-loaded medium has a temperature of at least 150° C. during said chemical regeneration.

A process for the combined production of methanol and ammonia, wherein a reactant stream includes carbon monoxide is supplied to a recovery assembly to obtain first and second hydrogen-containing streams, each having an increased molar proportion of hydrogen compared to the reactant stream. The recovery assembly includes a shift conversion in which the carbon monoxide of at least one carbon monoxide-containing stream is at least partially converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by reaction with steam to obtain a converted stream having hydrogen and carbon dioxide at least partially recycled to a hydrogen recovery from which the first and second hydrogen-containing streams are obtained. A nitrogen stream and, at least partially, the first hydrogen-containing stream are supplied to an ammonia reactor assembly for at least partial conversion into ammonia and, at least partially, the second hydrogen-containing stream is supplied to a methanol reactor assembly for at least partial conversion into the methanol.